Description
Biopsychology 9th Edition Pinel Test Bank
ISBN-13: 978-0205915576
ISBN-10: 0205915574
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Below you will find some free nursing test bank questions from this test bank:
Chapter 7
Mechanisms of Perception: Hearing, Touch, Smell, Taste, and Attention:
How You Know the World
Multiple Choice Questions
1) Areas of neocortex that receive most of their input from the thalamic relay nuclei of one sensory system are classified as
- A) association cortex.
- B) tertiary cortex.
- C) motor cortex.
- D) secondary sensory cortex.
- E) primary sensory cortex.
Answer: E
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 162
Topic: 7.1 Principles of Sensory System Organization
Type: (Conceptual)
Rationale: This is true definition.
2) An area of cerebral cortex that receives substantial input from more than one sensory system is classified as
- A) hierarchical cortex.
- B) primary sensory cortex.
- C) secondary sensory cortex.
- D) association cortex.
- E) both A and B
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 162
Topic: 7.1 Principles of Sensory System Organization
Type: (Conceptual)
Rationale: This is true definition.
3) A hierarchical system is one in which
- A) there is one absolute top.
- B) there is one absolute bottom.
- C) each element has specific levels or ranks with respect to one another.
- D) no two elements are at the same level.
- E) there is no cortical involvement.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 163
Topic: 7.1 Principles of Sensory System Organization
Type: (Conceptual)
Rationale: A and B may be partially true, but C is the best answer to the question.
4) The simple process of detecting the presence of stimuli is often referred to as
- A) seeing.
- B) hearing.
- C) sensation.
- D) perception.
- E) attention.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 163
Topic: 7.1 Principles of Sensory System Organization
Type: (Conceptual)
Rationale: This is true historical definition.
5) Each cortical level of a sensory system (primary, secondary, or association) is itself composed of different areas that mediate different psychological processes. This principle of sensory system organization is referred to as A) functional segregation.
- B) parallel processing.
- C) the binding problem.
- D) hierarchical organization.
- E) serial processing.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 163
Topic: 7.1 Principles of Sensory System Organization
Type: (Conceptual)
Rationale: This is true definition.
6) A major principle of sensory system organization is
- A) hierarchical organization.
- B) functional segregation.
- C) parallel processing.
- D) all of the above
- E) both A and B
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 163
Topic: 7.1 Principles of Sensory System Organization
Type: (Conceptual)
Rationale: All three principles are emphasized in the text.
7) A system in which information is conducted in a single route through its various components – like a string through beads – is called a
- A) parallel system.
- B) functional system.
- C) hierarchical system.
- D) serial system.
- E) none of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 164
Topic: 7.1 Principles of Sensory System Organization
Type: (Conceptual)
Rationale: This is a key principle because it is a common way of thinking about neural systems that is totally incompatible with modern parallel-systems approach.
8) Modern neuroscientific theory considers sensory systems to be
- A) analog, parallel, and general.
- B) functionally segregated, serial, and parallel.
- C) hierarchical, functionally segregated, and parallel.
- D) functionally segregated, serial, and sequential.
- E) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 164
Topic: 7.1 Principles of Sensory System Organization
Type: (Conceptual)
Rationale: The chapter is based on this three-part concept.
9) Because sensory systems are characterized functional segregation while perception is largely holistic, there is a
- A) binding problem.
- B) need for feedback circuits.
- C) flaw in serial coding.
- D) flaw in parallel coding.
- E) segregation problem.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 164
Topic: 7.1 Principles of Sensory System Organization
Type: (Conceptual)
Rationale: The binding problem is discussed in the text and is a classic problem of cognitive psychology.
10) For humans, sounds are those molecular vibrations between about __________ hertz.
- A) 20 and 200
- B) 2,000 and 20,000
- C) 200 and 2,000
- D) 200 and 8,000
- E) 20 and 20,000
Answer: E
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 165
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Factual)
11) The loudness, pitch, and timbre of a sound are directly related to the __________, respectively, of the vibrations that produced it.
- A) frequency, amplitude, and complexity
- B) amplitude, complexity, and frequency
- C) amplitude, frequency, and complexity
- D) complexity, frequency, and amplitude
- E) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 165
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Factual)
12) The frequency of sound waves is to the complexity of sound waves as the
- A) pitch of sound is to the timbre.
- B) amplitude of sound is to the loudness.
- C) pitch of sound is to the amplitude.
- D) timbre of sound is to the loudness.
- E) loudness of sound is to the timbre.
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 165
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Factual)
13) Which ossicle is attached to the round window?
- A) malleus
- B) incus
- C) hammer
- D) both A and C
- E) none of the above
Answer: E
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 165
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Factual)
Rationale: E is correct because the ossicles are attached to the tympanic membrane and oval window.
14) The malleus, incus, and stapes
- A) are small bones that transmit vibrations from the ear drum to the oval window.
- B) are small bones that transmit vibrations from the oval window to the round window.
- C) were the three ships of Christopher Columbus.
- D) are small bones in the inner ear.
- E) both B and D
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 165
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Factual)
15) Which of the following auditory structures has the appearance of a snail and has a name that is derived from the Greek word for land snail?
- A) ossicles
- B) cochlea
- C) malleus
- D) tectorial membrane
- E) olive
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 166
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Factual)
16) Resting on the auditory hair cells is the
- A) cochlea.
- B) basilar membrane.
- C) organ of Corti.
- D) tectorial membrane.
- E) auditory nerve. Answer: D
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 168
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Factual)
17) Which of the following is part of the organ of Corti?
- A) the semicircular canals
- B) the hair cells
- C) the basilar membrane
- D) all of the above
- E) both B and C
Answer: E
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 166
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Factual)
Rationale: The semicircular canals are part of the vestibular system.
18) The auditory system is organized
- A) retinotopically.
- B) geographically.
- C) tonotopically.
- D) somatotopically.
- E) volumetrically.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 167
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Factual)
19) The visual system is to retinotopic as the auditory system is to
- A) homotopic.
- B) spatiotopic.
- C) intensity topic.
- D) tonotopic.
- E) timbre topic.
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 167
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Factual)
20) Which of the following contains the receptors of the vestibular system?
- A) the basilar membrane
- B) the semicircular canals
- C) the ossicles
- D) the vestibular nucleus
- E) the cochlea
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 167
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Factual)
Rationale: The vestibular nucleus contains no receptors: D is incorrect.
21) The sensory organs of the vestibular system
- A) maintain balance.
- B) activate one branch of cranial nerve VIII.
- C) are the semicircular canals.
- D) all of the above
- E) both A and B
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 167
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Factual)
22) The semicircular canals are the receptive organs of
- A) the auditory system.
- B) the vestibular system.
- C) a top-down sensory system.
- D) an exteroceptive system.
- E) both A and C
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 167
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Factual)
23) The axons of the auditory nerves synapse in the ipsilateral
- A) cochlear nuclei.
- B) superior olivary nuclei.
- C) medial geniculate nuclei.
- D) inferior colliculi.
- E) lateral lemniscus.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 167
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Factual)
24) The superior olives receive much of their neural input from the
- A) medial geniculate nuclei.
- B) superior colliculus.
- C) inferior colliculus.
- D) cochlear nuclei.
- E) lateral geniculate nuclei.
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 167
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Factual)
25) The major auditory projections of the inferior colliculi go to the
- A) cochlear nuclei.
- B) medial geniculate nuclei.
- C) lateral geniculate nuclei.
- D) superior olives.
- E) auditory nerve.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 167
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Factual)
26) Exceptions to the usual tonotopic organization of the auditory system are the deep layers of the
- A) primary auditory cortex.
- B) basilar membrane.
- C) superior colliculus.
- D) semicircular canals.
- E) cochlear nucleus.
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 167
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Factual)
27) Barn owls are often used in auditory research on sound localization because they have
- A) excellent sound localization ability.
- B) large ears.
- C) a large auditory cortex.
- D) poor vision.
- E) both B and C
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 168
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Factual)
28) Much of the recent research on sound localization has focused on the
- A) cochlea.
- B) barn owl.
- C) snail.
- D) mouse.
- E) cat.
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 168
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Factual)
29) The primary auditory cortex is in the
- A) temporal lobe.
- B) lateral fissure.
- C) occipital lobe.
- D) frontal lobe.
- E) both A and B
Answer: E
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 168
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Factual)
30) Much of the human auditory cortex is invisible to casual inspection because it is in the __________ fissure.
- A) central
- B) lateral
- C) longitudinal
- D) calcarine
- E) postcentral
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 168
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Factual)
31) The arrow points to
- A) the central fissure.
- B) vestibular cortex.
- C) gustatory cortex.
- D) auditory cortex.
- E) olfactory cortex.
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 168
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Factual)
32) Neurons of the monkey secondary auditory cortex respond robustly to
- A) bird calls.
- B) pure tones.
- C) monkey calls.
- D) the location of sounds.
- E) pitch.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 168
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Factual)
33) Investigators have proposed that in each hemisphere, there are two major streams of
- A) visual information
- B) auditory information.
- C) vestibular information.
- D) all of the above
- E) both A and B
Answer: E
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 169
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Factual)
34) The perception of pitch in primates seems to occur in
- A) the thalamus.
- B) one small cortical area just anterior to primary auditory cortex.
- C) association cortex.
- D) primary auditory cortex.
- E) all areas of association cortex together.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 169
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Factual)
35) Which of the following has played a major role in the research differentiating neurons that respond to pitch from those that respond to frequency?
- A) missing fundamentals
- B) primary auditory cortex
- C) tinnitus
- D) barn owls
- E) posterior auditory pathway
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 169
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Factual)
36) In humans and other primates, large bilateral auditory cortex lesions produce
- A) permanent total deafness.
- B) permanent partial deafness.
- C) a permanent deficit in the ability to localize sounds and discriminate frequencies.
- D) total deafness that is permanent only in the ipsilateral field.
- E) total deafness that is permanent only in the contralateral field.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 170
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Factual)
37) The permanent effects of bilateral auditory cortex damage are surprisingly minor in primates although they do include disruption of the ability to
- A) detect sounds, but only those presented to the contralateral ear.
- B) discriminate frequencies.
- C) localize sounds.
- D) both A and B
- E) both B and C
Answer: E
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 170
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Factual)
38) Bilateral damage to which of the following auditory structures would be most likely to produce complete and permanent hearing loss?
- A) primary auditory cortex
- B) superior colliculus
- C) cochlear nerve
- D) secondary auditory cortex
- E) association cortex
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 170
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Applied)
39) Tinnitus
- A) always accompanies hearing loss.
- B) is always cured cutting the contralateral auditory nerve.
- C) is always cured cutting the ipsilateral auditory nerve.
- D) both A and C
- E) none of the above
Answer: E
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 170
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Applied)
Rationale: Hearing loss is only sometimes associated with tinnitus, thus A is incorrect.
40) The somatosensory system is
- A) exteroceptive.
- B) proprioceptive.
- C) interoceptive.
- D) all of the above
- E) none of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 171
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
41) The sense of touch is largely
- A) exteroceptive.
- B) proprioceptive.
- C) interoceptive.
- D) nociceptive.
- E) slow-adapting.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 171
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
42) Nociceptive stimuli are
- A) exteroceptive.
- B) mechanical.
- C) thermal.
- D) painful.
- E) bad.
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 171
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
43) The cutaneous somatosensory system responds to
- A) nociceptive stimuli.
- B) thermal stimuli.
- C) mechanical stimuli.
- D) all of the above
- E) none of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 172
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
44) The perception of both pain and changes in skin temperature are largely mediated by
- A) free nerve endings.
- B) Pacinian corpuscles.
- C) nociceptors.
- D) temperoceptors.
- E) red corpuscles.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 172
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
45) Free nerve endings are thought to mediate the perception of
- A) pressure.
- B) pain.
- C) skin temperature.
- D) all of the above
- E) both B and C
Answer: E
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 172
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
46) The Pacinian corpuscle is
- A) the largest cutaneous receptor.
- B) the most deeply positioned cutaneous receptor.
- C) fast adapting.
- D) all of the above
- E) none of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 172
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
47) Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel’s disks, and Ruffini endings are
- A) blood cells.
- B) auditory receptors.
- C) receptors in the skin.
- D) taste receptors.
- E) nuclei in the somatosensory system.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 172
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
48) The identification of objects touch is
- A) proprioception.
- B) lewd.
- C) vestibulation.
- D) stereognosis.
- E) astereognosia.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 172
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
49) A dermatome is a
- A) slowly adapting cutaneous receptor.
- B) fast adapting cutaneous receptor.
- C) free nerve ending.
- D) both A and C
- E) none of the above
Answer: E
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 172
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
50) The area of the body that is innervated the left and right dorsal roots of a given segment of the spinal cord is one
- A) dermatome.
- B) stereognosis.
- C) Ruffini ending.
- D) region of glabrous skin.
- E) none of the above
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 172
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
51) The destruction of a single dorsal root typically produces little somatosensory loss because
- A) there are few cutaneous receptors in the back.
- B) the dorsal roots soon degenerate.
- C) there is considerable overlap of projections from adjacent dermatomes.
- D) the dorsal roots accurately regenerate.
- E) the somatosensory system has a motor component.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 172
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
52) The dorsal-column medial-lemniscus system and the anterolateral system both carry sensory information from the
- A) eyes.
- B) ears.
- C) skin.
- D) nose.
- E) mouth.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 173
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
53) The dorsal-column medial-lemniscus system is particularly responsive to
- A) sound and movement.
- B) touch and proprioception.
- C) motor output.
- D) tickle and temperature.
- E) pain and temperature.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 173
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
54) The anterolateral system is particularly responsive to
- A) pain.
- B) temperature.
- C) tickle.
- D) all of the above.
- E) both A and B
Answer: E
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 175
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
55) The dorsal columns are composed of the axons of
- A) cutaneous somatosensory neurons.
- B) neurons with their cell bodies in the cochlear nuclei.
- C) neurons with their cell bodies in the dorsal column nuclei.
- D) several branches of the trigeminal nerve.
- E) medial lemniscus neurons.
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 173
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
56) The neurons of the ventral posterior nucleus project to
- A) SI, SII, and the posterior parietal cortex.
- B) the thalamus.
- C) the medial lemniscus.
- D) the dorsal column nuclei.
- E) the auditory cortex.
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 173
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
57) The longest neuron in the human body
- A) is a finger neuron.
- B) has its cell body in the spinal cord.
- C) is part of the anterolateral system.
- D) all of the above
- E) is somatosensory neuron with one end in a toe and the other in the dorsal column nuclei.
Answer: E
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 173
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
58) Most of the neurons of the anterolateral system decussate in the
- A) spinal cord.
- B) lower brain stem.
- C) midbrain.
- D) corpus callosum.
- E) medulla.
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 173
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
59) The anterolateral system comprises the
- A) spinothalamic tract.
- B) spinoreticular tract.
- C) spinotectal tract.
- D) all of the above
- E) both B and C Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 173
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
60) Dorsal columns are to anterolateral pathways as
- A) pain is to temperature.
- B) touch is to temperature and pain.
- C) exteroceptive is to interoceptive.
- D) free nerve endings are to Pacinian corpuscles.
- E) temperature is to tickle.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 173
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
61) Which of the following somatosensory structures do not receive substantial input from the anterolateral system?
- A) dorsal column nuclei
- B) tectum
- C) reticular formation
- D) colliculi
- E) thalamus
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 173
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
62) The ventral posterior nuclei of the thalamus receive direct input from the
- A) dorsal-column medial-lemniscus system.
- B) spinotectal tract.
- C) spinoreticular tract.
- D) all of the above
- E) both B and C
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 173
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
Rationale: This seems like a difficult question, however it is obvious that B ends in the tectum and C ends in the reticular formation, leaving A as the only possible correct answer.
63) Which tract is part of the anterolateral somatosensory system?
- A) spinoreticular tract
- B) spinothalamic tract
- C) spinotectal tract
- D) all of the above
- E) dorsal columns
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 173
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
64) Primary somatosensory cortex is in the
- A) postcentral gyrus.
- B) precentral gyrus.
- C) occipital lobe.
- D) frontal lobe.
- E) both B and D
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 174
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
65) Some of the primary somatosensory cortex is in the
- A) central fissure.
- B) lateral fissure.
- C) longitudinal fissure.
- D) all of the above
- E) none of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 177
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
66) Much of SII is
- A) adjacent to SI.
- B) in the lateral fissure.
- C) in the parietal cortex.
- D) all of the above
- E) none of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 174-175
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
67) Research has shown that SI
- A) is really SII.
- B) includes SII.
- C) is posterior to SII.
- D) is organized in four somatotopically organized, parallel strips.
- E) is smaller than SII.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 174
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
68) Unilateral damage to SI
- A) eliminates the sense of touch in the contralateral hand.
- B) eliminates the sense of touch in the ipsilateral hand.
- C) produces contralateral neglect.
- D) produces contralateral deficits in stereognosis.
- E) both A and C
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 175
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Applied)
Rationale: The point here is that the effects are surprisingly mild.
69) Unilateral excision of SI produces a contralateral deficit in the ability to
- A) detect light touch.
- B) identify objects touch.
- C) feel anything with the hand.
- D) all of the above
- E) both A and B
Answer: E
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 175
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
Rationale: The effects are surprisingly mild.
70) The inability to identify objects touch is
- A) astereognosia.
- B) stereognosis.
- C) asomatognosia.
- D) anosognosia.
- E) apraxia.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 175
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Applied)
Rationale: Stereognosis is the ability to identify objects touch: B is incorrect.
71) Astereognosia and asomatognosia are the two major types of
- A) touch blindness.
- B) apraxia.
- C) somatosensory agnosia.
- D) contralateral neglect.
- E) stereognosis.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 176
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Applied)
72) Harold Klawans’s neurological case of Aunt Betty suffered from a form of
- A) asomatognosia.
- B) prosopagnosia.
- C) color agnosia.
- D) stereognosis.
- E) anosmia.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 176
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Applied)
73) Asomatognosia is often associated with
- A) stereognosis.
- B) anosognosia.
- C) contralateral neglect.
- D) the rubber hand illusion.
- E) both B and C
Answer: E
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 176-177
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Applied)
Rationale: These relations are described in the text and illustrated the case of Aunt Betty.
74) Which of the following is often associated with asomatognosia?
- A) the rubber hand illusion
- B) aphasia
- C) anosognosia
- D) all of the above
- E) both A and C
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 176
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Applied)
Rationale: It is difficult to understand how patients with such extreme deficits can fail to recognize them (i.e., to have anosognosia); the case of Aunt Betty illustrates this condition.
75) Hemispherectomized patients feel
- A) no pain.
- B) no pain from the contralateral side of the body.
- C) no pain from the ipsilateral side of the body.
- D) pain from both sides of the body.
- E) none of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 178
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Applied)
Rationale: Surprisingly, removal of a hemisphere has little effect on the perception of pain.
76) Illustrated here is the cortical area most commonly linked to the perception of pain: the
- A) anterior cingulate cortex.
- B) periaqueductal gray matter.
- C) gate control cortex.
- D) pain mucosa.
- E) dorsolateral frontal cortex.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 178
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
77) The cortical area that has most frequently been linked to pain functional brain imaging studies is the
- A) anterior cingulate cortex.
- B) secondary somatosensory cortex.
- C) posterior parietal cortex.
- D) inferotemporal cortex.
- E) PAG.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 178
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
78) Evidence suggests that the anterior cingulate cortex plays a major role in the
- A) expectation of pain.
- B) adaptive responses to minimize pain.
- C) emotional reaction to pain.
- D) all of the above
- E) perception of pain.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 178
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
79) Evidence for the existence of a descending pain-control circuit came from the finding that
- A) stimulation of the PAG produces analgesia.
- B) the PAG contains opiate receptors.
- C) some opiates are endogenous.
- D) all of the above
- E) none of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 178
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Applied)
80) Electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) produces
- A) opiates.
- B) serotonin.
- C) analgesia.
- D) opiate receptors.
- E) pain.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 178
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
81) Electrical stimulation of which of the following structures has analgesic effects?
- A) SII
- B) periaqueductal gray
- C) paraventricular nuclei
- D) ventral posterior nuclei
- E) medial lemniscus
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 178
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
82) Morphine is an
- A) analgesic.
- B) opiate.
- C) endogenously produced.
- D) both A and B
- E) both A and C
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 178
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Applied)
Rationale: Morphine is derived from the opium poppy and is not synthesized in the body: C is incorrect.
83) The descending PAG-raphé-dorsal-column circuit has been hypothesized to mediate
- A) some types of pain.
- B) some types of analgesia.
- C) touch.
- D) audition.
- E) stereognosis.
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 178
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Applied)
Rationale: This is the classic descending analgesia circuit.
84) The analgesia-mediating axons descending in the dorsal columns originate in
- A) the PAG.
- B) the raphé nucleus.
- C) SI.
- D) SII.
- E) the ventral posterior nuclei.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 178
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
85) The PAG is to the raphé as
- A) opiate is to serotonin.
- B) serotonin is to opiate.
- C) pain is to analgesia.
- D) analgesia is to pain.
- E) descending is to ascending.
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 178
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
86) Severe chronic pain in the absence of a recognizable pain stimulus is classified as
- A) psychophysiological.
- B) analgesic.
- C) neuropathic.
- D) pheromonal.
- E) psychophysical.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 179
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Applied)
87) Smell and taste
- A) are the most well understood of the exteroceptive sensory systems.
- B) combine to produce the sensation of flavor.
- C) have only recently evolved.
- D) all of the above
- E) both A and C
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 179
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Factual)
88) Much of the interest in the chemical senses stems from the fact that
- A) their physiology is particularly simple.
- B) their anatomy and physiology are well understood.
- C) they play important roles in the social lives of many species.
- D) all of the above
- E) both A and B
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 180
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Factual)
89) In one experiment, a male hamster intruder was converted from the object of assassination to an object of lust by
- A) injecting it with estrogen.
- B) injecting it with testosterone.
- C) swabbing it with lemon.
- D) swabbing it with the vaginal secretions of an ovulating female.
- E) swabbing it with expensive perfume.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 180
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Factual)
90) Olfactory receptors are embedded in the
- A) olfactory mucosa.
- B) nose hairs.
- C) olfactory nucleus.
- D) olfactory neocortex.
- E) cribriform plate.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 180
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Factual)
91) The axons of the olfactory receptors run through the
- A) olfactory bulb to the thalamus.
- B) olfactory bulb to the paleocortex.
- C) cribriform plate to the thalamus.
- D) cribriform plate to the olfactory bulbs.
- E) olfactory epithelium to olfactory cortex.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 180
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Factual)
92) Various parts of olfactory receptor cells can be found
- A) in the nasal passages.
- B) in the olfactory mucosa.
- C) passing through the cribriform plate.
- D) in the olfactory bulb.
- E) all of the above
Answer: E
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 180
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Factual)
93) For decades, it had been assumed that mammals had only a small number of olfactory
- A) receptor cells.
- B) receptor types.
- C) receptors.
- D) all of the above
- E) both A and C
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 180
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Factual)
94) Evidence suggests that humans have about __________ different types of olfactory receptors.
- A) 3
- B) 5
- C) 7
- D) 16
- E) 350
Answer: E
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 184
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Factual)
95) How many types of receptor protein molecules are contained each olfactory receptor cell?
- A) 1
- B) 3
- C) 4
- D) 7
- E) about 350
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 184
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Factual)
96) All of the olfactory receptor cells with the same receptor protein
- A) are located in the same part of the mucosa.
- B) are scattered throughout the mucosa.
- C) project to the same locations (glomeruli) of the olfactory bulbs.
- D) both A and C
- E) both B and C
Answer: E
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 181
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Factual)
97) Olfactory receptor cells
- A) contain no receptor molecules.
- B) survive for only a few weeks and are replaced new ones.
- C) have no axons.
- D) each contain three different receptor molecules.
- E) each contain 350 different receptor molecules.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 181
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Factual)
98) Each olfactory receptor cell survives for a few
- A) decades.
- B) years.
- C) months.
- D) weeks.
- E) days.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 181
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Factual)
99) The olfactory tracts project from the olfactory bulbs to the structure of the medial temporal lobes, particularly to the
- A) amygdala.
- B) thalamus.
- C) piriform cortex.
- D) all of the above
- E) both A and C
Answer: E
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 181
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Factual)
100) Two major olfactory pathways leave the amygdala-piriform area. One projects diffusely to the limbic system; the other projects to the
- A) medial dorsal nuclei of the thalamus and then to the orbitofrontal cortex.
- B) hippocampus and caudate.
- C) striatum and olfactory bulb.
- D) olfactory bulb and SI.
- E) basal forebrain and cingulate.
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 181
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Factual)
101) Although it is somewhat arbitrary, primary olfactory cortex is considered to be
- A) piriform cortex.
- B) in the thalamus.
- C) in the orbits.
- D) olfactory bulbs.
- E) in the glomeruli.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 181
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Factual)
102) Olfactory neocortex is considered to be in the
- A) occipital lobe.
- B) thalamus.
- C) parietal lobe.
- D) piriform cortex.
- E) glomeruli.
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 181
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Factual)
103) Taste receptors typically occur in clusters of 50 to 100. These clusters are called
- A) glomeruli.
- B) taste buds.
- C) taste receptor nuclei.
- D) papillae.
- E) taste mucosas.
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 181
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Factual)
104) __________ are found in __________, which are often located around small protuberances called __________.
- A) Taste receptors; taste buds; papillae
- B) Taste buds; taste receptors; papillae
- C) Taste receptors; papillae; taste buds
- D) Taste buds; papillae; taste receptors
- E) Papillae; taste receptors; taste buds
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 181
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Factual)
105) Unlike olfactory receptors, each taste receptor has no
- A) cytoplasm.
- B) axon.
- C) nucleus.
- D) receptors.
- E) ion channels.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 181
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Factual)
106) There seem to be five primary tastes: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and
- A) fatty.
- B) umami.
- C) oily.
- D) mamawawa.
- E) yumyumi.
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 181
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Factual)
107) The conventional view that all tastes are encoded various combinations of activity in five primary taste receptors has a problem:
- A) No receptors have been discovered for salty and sour.
- B) Evidence suggests that there may be more than five primary tastes.
- C) Many tastes cannot be created from combinations of the five current primaries.
- D) Thirty receptors have been discovered for bitter.
- E) all of the above
Answer: E
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 181
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Factual)
108) Gustatory afferents leave the mouth as part of the
- A) facial nerve.
- B) glossopharyngeal nerve.
- C) vagus nerve.
- D) all of the above
- E) none of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 182
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Factual)
109) The main medullary nucleus of the gustatory system is the
- A) solitary nucleus.
- B) red nucleus.
- C) dorsal column nucleus.
- D) ventral posterior nucleus.
- E) piriform nucleus.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 182
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Factual)
110) The primary gustatory cortex is in the
- A) longitudinal fissure.
- B) central fissure.
- C) lateral fissure.
- D) occipital lobe.
- E) temporal lobe.
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 182
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Factual)
111) Unlike the projections of the other exteroceptive sensory systems, the projections of the gustatory system are primarily
- A) contralateral.
- B) ipsilateral.
- C) unilateral.
- D) bilateral.
- E) descending.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 182
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Factual)
112) Gustation is to olfaction as
- A) flavor is to odor.
- B) onions are to potatoes.
- C) thalamus is to neocortex.
- D) ageusia is to anosmia.
- E) NaCl is to thiamine.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 182
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Applied)
Rationale: Ageusia is the inability to taste: anosmia is the inability to smell.
113) The most common neurological cause of anosmia is
- A) a tumor.
- B) an infection.
- C) a blow to the head.
- D) a convulsion.
- E) a blow to the nose.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 182
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Applied)
114) Anosmia typically results when the olfactory receptor cells are sheared the
- A) septum.
- B) olfactory mucosa.
- C) cribriform plate.
- D) chorda tympani.
- E) olfactory bulbs.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 182
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Applied)
115) Ageusia is very rare, presumably because
- A) people have such poor taste to begin with.
- B) the tongue is protected in the mouth.
- C) taste information from the mouth is carried via three separate sensory pathways.
- D) olfactory information from the nose is carried via three separate sensory pathways.
- E) olfactory information from the nose is carried via two separate sensory pathways.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 182
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Applied)
116) The ability to focus on only a small subset of the stimuli that are being received sensory organs is called
- A) subliminal perception.
- B) selective attention.
- C) selective perception.
- D) subliminal attention.
- E) sensory focus.
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 184
Topic: 7.5 Selective Attention
Type: (Factual)
117) Selective attention
- A) improves the perception of stimuli that are its focus.
- B) has no effect on perception.
- C) seems to depend totally on thalamic mechanisms.
- D) seems to depend totally on changes in receptors.
- E) blocks out, just slightly, the perception of those stimuli that are its focus.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 184
Topic: 7.5 Selective Attention
Type: (Factual)
118) Endogenous attention is mediated by
- A) top-down mechanisms.
- B) bottom-up mechanisms.
- C) recurrent collateral inhibition.
- D) exogenous inhibition.
- E) subliminal perception.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 184
Topic: 7.5 Selective Attention
Type: (Factual)
119) The mechanisms of selective attention are
- A) top-down.
- B) bottom-up.
- C) inside-out.
- D) outside-in.
- E) both A and B
Answer: E
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 184
Topic: 7.5 Selective Attention
Type: (Factual)
120) Stare at the + sign and without moving your eyes, shift your focus from one letter to another. You have just experienced
- A) overt attention.
- B) covert attention.
- C) the cocktail party phenomenon.
- D) bottom-up attention.
- E) exogenous attention.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 184
Topic: 7.5 Selective Attention
Type: (Factual)
121) The cocktail-party phenomenon refers to your ability to “focus on” a specific conversation at a cocktail party while
- A) drunk out of your mind.
- B) unconsciously monitoring other conversations.
- C) being totally conscious of other conversations.
- D) talking to someone else.
- E) eating.
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 184
Topic: 7.5 Selective Attention
Type: (Factual)
122) If you were looking at holiday slides of your family and a major background object, such as a tree, moved as you blinked, you would likely
- A) experience change blindness.
- B) have your attention drawn from your family to the tree.
- C) immediately notice the movement.
- D) both A and B
- E) both A and C
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 184
Topic: 7.5 Selective Attention
Type: (Factual)
123) In one functional brain imaging study, attention to movement was associated with increased activity in the
- A) primary visual cortex.
- B) ventral stream.
- C) dorsal stream.
- D) thalamus.
- E) optic chiasm.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 185
Topic: 7.5 Selective Attention
Type: (Factual)
124) A difficulty in attending to more than one visual object at a time is
- A) visual agnosia.
- B) visual prosopagnosia.
- C) visual simultanagnosia.
- D) change blindness.
- E) visual ageusia.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 186
Topic: 7.5 Selective Attention
Type: (Applied)
Rationale: This is the disorder illustrated the chapter-opening case study.
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
1) Sensory systems are hierarchical, parallel, and __________ segregated.
Answer: functionally
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 163
Topic: 7.1 Principles of Sensory System Organization
Type: Factual
2) The three ossicles transmit auditory vibrations from the ear drum to the __________ window.
Answer: oval
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 166
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: Factual
3) The organ of Corti comprises the tectorial membrane, hair cells, and __________ membrane.
Answer: basilar
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 166
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: Factual
4) The organization of the auditory system is not retinotopic; it is __________.
Answer: tonotopic
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 167
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: Factual
5) Hearing loss is sometimes associated with __________ (ringing of the ears).
Answer: tinnitus
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 177
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: Applied
6) The somatosensory system is three interacting systems: one interoceptive, one exteroceptive, and one __________.
Answer: proprioceptive
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 171
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: Factual
7) Painful stimuli are also referred to as __________ stimuli.
Answer: nociceptive
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 171
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: Factual
8) The identification of objects touch is called __________.
Answer: stereognosis
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 172
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: Factual
9) A __________ is an area of the body that is innervated the dorsal roots of one segment of the spinal cord.
Answer: dermatome
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 172
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: Factual
10) The __________ system carries pain and temperature information from the body to the brain.
Answer: anterolateral
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 173
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: Factual
11) The axons of dorsal column nuclei decussate and then ascend in the medial lemniscus to the ventral posterior nucleus of the __________ .
Answer: thalamus
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 176
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: Factual
12) The spinothalamic, spinoreticular, and spinotectal somatosensory tracts are all part of the __________ system.
Answer: anterolateral
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 173
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: Factual
13) Primary __________ cortex is in the postcentral gyrus.
Answer: somatosensory
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 174
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: Factual
14) SI is also known as the __________ somatosensory cortex.
Answer: primary
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 174
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: Factual
15) The inability to recognize objects touch is __________.
Answer: astereognosia
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 176
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: Applied
16) An analgesia circuit descends into the spinal cord from the __________ gray.
Answer: periaqueductal
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 178
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: Factual
17) __________ are chemicals that are released some species and influence the physiology and behavior of conspecifics.
Answer: Pheromones
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 180
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: Factual
18) The __________ cortex is considered to be the primary olfactory cortex
Answer: piriform
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 181
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: Factual
19) The inability to smell is called __________.
Answer: anosmia
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 182
Topic: 7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: Applied
20) In contrast to endogenous attention, exogenous attention is mediated __________ neural mechanisms.
Answer: bottom-up
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 184
Topic: 7.5 Selective Attention
Type: Factual
21) We experience change blindness because we have absolutely no memory for parts of a scene that are not the focus of __________.
Answer: attention
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 184
Topic: 7.5 Selective Attention
Type: Factual
Essay and other multiple-mark Questions
1) The modern model of sensory system organization features three important principles. Name them and explain them. Draw a representation of the modern model.
Answer:
25% for naming and discussing hierarchical organization
25% for naming and discussing functional segregation
25% for naming and discussing parallel processing
25% for drawing the modern model
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 162-164
Topic: 7.1 Principles of Sensory System Organization
Type: (Conceptual)
2) Discuss current knowledge of auditory cortex, emphasizing both difficulties and successes.
Answer:
25% for discussing location and organization in columns of primary auditory cortex
25% for discussing the problems created the complexity of auditory neuron responses to sound
25% for discussing the two hypothetical cortical streams of auditory information
25% for discussing the cortical localization of pitch discrimination
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 168-170
Topic: 7.2 Auditory System
Type: (Conceptual)
3) Compare the anatomy of the two major ascending somatosensory pathways: the dorsal-column medial lemniscus pathway and the anterolateral pathway. Draw them. What are their functions?
Answer:
50% for comparing the two systems
30% for drawing the two systems
20% for comparing the functions of the two systems
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 173-174
Topic: 7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
Type: (Factual)
4) The chemical senses are unique in several ways. Describe and discuss two ways in which either the gustatory or olfactory systems is different from other sensory systems.
Answer:
50% for describing each difference
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 179-182
Topic: 7.4 The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Type: (Conceptual)
5) Describe and discuss two important aspects of selective attention. In your discussion, explain why you think that these two aspects are important, and describe any relevant research.
Answer:
50% for describing two differences
50% for discussing the two selected differences
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 184-186
Topic: 7.5 Selective Attention
Type: (Conceptual)