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Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology 5^th Edition Scanlon Sanders Test Bank

ISBN

• 0803615469
• 9780803615465

 

 

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Chapter 14: The Lymphatic System and Immunity

1. Water found within capillaries is called:
2. A) intracellular fluid
3. B) plasma
4. C) tissue fluid
5. D) lymph

 

2. Water found in the spaces between cells is called:
3. A) intracellular fluid
4. B) plasma
5. C) tissue fluid
6. D) lymph

 

3. Tissue fluid may also be called:
4. A) interstitial fluid
5. B) intercellular fluid
6. C) both A and B
7. D) neither A nor B, because these are names for water within cells

 

4. Tissue fluid that has entered lymph capillaries is called:
5. A) plasma
6. B) intracellular fluid
7. C) intercellular fluid
8. D) lymph

 

5. Blood plasma becomes tissue fluid by the process of:
6. A) osmosis
7. B) filtration
8. C) active transport
9. D) diffusion

 

6. The lymph in the system of lymph vessels is returned to, or becomes part of:
7. A) plasma
8. B) tissue fluid
9. C) intracellular fluid
10. D) cerebrospinal fluid

 

7. Which of these is the proper sequence of names for the formation and destination of lymph?
8. A) plasma – tissue fluid – lymph – plasma
9. B) tissue fluid – plasma – lymph – plasma
10. C) plasma – lymph – tissue fluid – plasma
11. D) tissue fluid – plasma – lymph – tissue fluid

 

8. The cisterna chyli collects lymph from the:
9. A) head
10. B) arms
11. C) upper body
12. D) lower body

 

9. Lymph from the lower body flows into the ___, then to the ___.
10. A) cisterna chyli/thoracic duct
11. B) inferior cisterna/thoracic duct
12. C) thoracic duct/cisterna chyli
13. D) thoracic duct/inferior cisterna

 

10. The thoracic duct empties lymph into the:
11. A) left subclavian vein
12. B) superior vena cava
13. C) right subclavian vein
14. D) inferior vena cava

 

11. The right lymphatic duct empties lymph into the:
12. A) left subclavian vein
13. B) superior vena cava
14. C) right subclavian vein
15. D) inferior vena cava

 

12. The destination of lymph to be returned to the blood is one of the:
13. A) subclavian veins
14. B) thoracic veins
15. C) cisterna veins
16. D) jugular veins

 

13. Blood is prevented from flowing into the lymphatic vessels by:
14. A) flaps in the subclavian veins
15. B) flaps in the jugular veins
16. C) anastomoses from the subclavian to the jugular veins
17. D) anastomoses from the jugular to the subclavian veins

 

14. The thoracic duct drains lymph from all these areas of the body except the:
15. A) upper left quadrant
16. B) upper right quadrant
17. C) lower left quadrant
18. D) lower right quadrant

 

15. The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from this part of the body:
16. A) upper left quadrant
17. B) upper right quadrant
18. C) lower left quadrant
19. D) lower right quadrant

 

16. Backflow of lymph in the larger lymph vessels is prevented by:
17. A) the lymph pump
18. B) dilation
19. C) valves
20. D) the heart

 

17. Which of these is NOT a mechanism that keeps lymph moving in lymph vessels?
18. A) constriction of the larger lymph vessels
19. B) the respiratory pump for vessels in the chest cavity
20. C) the skeletal muscle pump for vessels in the legs
21. D) the cardiac muscle pump for vessels in the chest cavity

 

18. Which statement is NOT true of the system of lymph vessels?
19. A) The larger vessels have a structure very much like that of veins, including valves.
20. B) Lymph is collected by dead-end lymph capillaries.
21. C) The thoracic duct empties lymph into the right subclavian vein.
22. D) The cisterna chyli collects lymph from the lower body.

 

19. Which of these is NOT a function of lymph nodes and nodules?
20. A) phagocytosis of pathogens by macrophages
21. B) phagocytosis of old RBCs
22. C) activation site of lymphocytes
23. D) production of antibodies by plasma cells

 

20. The white blood cells produced by lymph nodes and nodules are the:
21. A) lymphocytes
22. B) neutrophils
23. C) eosinophils
24. D) basophils

 

21. Lymph nodes (in general) are located:
22. A) in the dermis of the skin
23. B) along the pathways of blood vessels
24. C) in the body tracts that open to the environment
25. D) along the pathways of lymph vessels

 

22. The lymph nodes that destroy pathogens in lymph returning from the arms are called:
23. A) cervical
24. B) thoracic
25. C) axillary
26. D) inguinal

 

23. The lymph nodes that destroy pathogens in lymph returning from the head are called:
24. A) cervical
25. B) thoracic
26. C) axillary
27. D) inguinal

 

24. The lymph nodes that destroy pathogens in lymph returning from the legs are called:
25. A) cervical
26. B) thoracic
27. C) axillary
28. D) inguinal

 

25. Submaxillary lymph nodes would be found near the ___, and popliteal nodes would be found at the ___.
26. A) jaw/knee
27. B) nose/foot
28. C) nose/knee
29. D) jaw/foot

 

26. Mesenteric lymph nodes would be found near the ___, and mediastinal nodes would be found near the ___.
27. A) intestines/heart
28. B) heart/lungs
29. C) lungs/heart
30. D) heart/intestines

 

27. The function of lymph nodes is to destroy pathogens in the:
28. A) blood coming from the extremities
29. B) inhaled air
30. C) food that has been ingested
31. D) lymph coming from the extremities

 

28. Lymph nodules (in general) are located:
29. A) along the pathways of lymph vessels
30. B) in the body tracts that open to the environment
31. C) along the pathways of blood vessels
32. D) in the dermis of the skin

 

29. The tonsils are the ___ of the ___.
30. A) lymph nodules/pharynx
31. B) lymph nodes/larynx
32. C) lymph nodules/larynx
33. D) lymph nodes/pharynx

 

30. The lymph nodules of the pharynx are called:
31. A) Peyer’s patches
32. B) tonsils
33. C) the Circle of Nodules
34. D) respiratory nodules

 

31. The function of lymph nodules is to destroy pathogens that:
32. A) enter the body through breaks in the skin
33. B) enter the body through natural openings such as the nose
34. C) are in lymph from the arms and legs
35. D) are in lymph from the head and neck

 

32. In the abdominal cavity, the spleen is located:
33. A) behind the stomach
34. B) behind the liver
35. C) above the diaphragm
36. D) behind the sternum

 

33. Which of these is NOT a function of the adult spleen?
34. A) destruction of damaged platelets
35. B) production of RBCs
36. C) production of antibodies by plasma cells
37. D) phagocytosis of pathogens by macrophages

 

34. Production of RBCs is a function of the spleen:
35. A) during fetal development
36. B) during infancy
37. C) during childhood
38. D) throughout life

 

35. With respect to its functions, the spleen is most similar to:
36. A) the liver
37. B) the red bone marrow
38. C) a lymph node
39. D) the yellow bone marrow

 

36. Which of these organs does NOT compensate for the removal of the spleen in an adult?
37. A) the liver
38. B) the red bone marrow
39. C) the lymph nodes
40. D) the thymus gland

 

37. The cells in the spleen that phagocytize old RBCs are:
38. A) macrophages
39. B) T cells
40. C) B cells
41. D) plasma cells

 

38. When the spleen destroys old RBCs, it:
39. A) forms bilirubin, which will be excreted by the liver
40. B) makes new hemoglobin
41. C) makes new RBCs
42. D) stores the iron from old hemoglobin

 

39. Which statement is NOT true of the adult spleen?
40. A) It is a site of activation of lymphocytes.
41. B) It produces RBCs and destroys old RBCs.
42. C) It is located behind the stomach.
43. D) It forms bilirubin from the hemoglobin of old RBCs.

 

40. In the fetus, the organ that is important for the normal development of the immune system is the:
41. A) liver
42. B) spleen
43. C) thymus gland
44. D) lymph node

 

41. The lymphocytes that are produced by the thymus are called:
42. A) T cells
43. B) B cells
44. C) plasma cells
45. D) macrophages

 

42. Which statement is NOT true of the thymus?
43. A) It is important for the development of normal immune responses.
44. B) It produces lymphocytes called T cells.
45. C) It is most active in the fetus and young child.
46. D) It is located behind the spleen.

 

43. A foreign antigen is an antigen that:
44. A) will stimulate antibody production
45. B) is found on a person’s cells rather than in the blood
46. C) is found in a person’s blood rather than on cells
47. D) is one of a person’s HLA types

 

44. If a microorganism stimulates antibody production, it is considered to be a:
45. A) foreign antigen
46. B) potential pathogen
47. C) both of these
48. D) neither of these

 

45. Which of these is NOT a foreign antigen for an individual?
46. A) bacteria
47. B) cancer cells
48. C) viruses
49. D) the HLA types present

 

46. Which statement is NOT true of innate immunity?
47. A) It does not create memory for a pathogen.
48. B) Its antibody production is usually slow.
49. C) Its responses are always the same.
50. D) It involves inflammation.

 

47. Which statement is NOT true of adaptive immunity?
48. A) The second exposure to a pathogen is often more efficient than the first.
49. B) It involves both T and B lymphocytes.
50. C) Its antibody-producing cells are T cells.
51. D) It does create memory for a pathogen.

 

48. Which statement is NOT true of innate immunity and adaptive immunity?
49. A) Innate immune responses are triggered by damage of any kind.
50. B) T and B lymphocytes are specific for particular foreign antigens.
51. C) Macrophages are part of both components of immunity.
52. D) Only innate immunity creates memory.

 

49. All of these are barriers of innate immunity except:
50. A) the stratum corneum
51. B) serous membranes
52. C) mucous membranes
53. D) the subcutaneous tissue

 

50. The lysozyme of innate immunity is found in:
51. A) tears, to inhibit bacterial growth
52. B) saliva, to stimulate inflammation
53. C) gastric juice, to destroy bacteria
54. D) the stratum corneum, to inhibit fungi

 

51. Mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract help prevent the entry of pathogens because they have:
52. A) smooth muscle tissue
53. B) stratified squamous epithelial tissue
54. C) microvilli
55. D) ciliated epithelial tissue

 

52. Which statement is NOT true of the barriers of innate immunity?
53. A) The gastric mucosa secretes HCl to destroy pathogens in food.
54. B) Defensins are produced by the cells of the epidermis.
55. C) The subcutaneous tissue contains mast cells and WBCs in areolar connective tissue.
56. D) The Langerhans cells of the epidermis destroy bacteria with chemicals called perforators.

 

53. In innate immunity, all of these cells are phagocytic except:
54. A) natural killer cells
55. B) neutrophils
56. C) macrophages
57. D) eosinophils

 

54. In innate immunity, histamine and leukotrienes are produced by:
55. A) Langerhans cells and eosinophils
56. B) eosinophils and basophils
57. C) basophils and mast cells
58. D) mast cells and Langerhans cells

 

55. In innate immunity, destruction of tumor cells by secretion of perforins is a function of:
56. A) macrophages, which differentiate from monocytes
57. B) natural killer cells, a type of lymphocyte
58. C) Langerhans cells circulating in the blood
59. D) neutrophils, one of the granular WBCs

 

56. Natural killer cells are different from other lymphocytes because they:
57. A) produce antibodies
58. B) are not specific for a particular foreign antigen
59. C) are specific for a particular foreign antigen
60. D) become memory cells

 

57. The lymphocytes that are not specific for a particular foreign antigen are the:
58. A) natural killer cells
59. B) helper T cells
60. C) memory B cells
61. D) plasma cells

 

58. The lymphocytes that help destroy many kinds of foreign antigens by disrupting their cell membranes are the:
59. A) helper T cells
60. B) plasma cells
61. C) memory B cells
62. D) natural killer cells

 

59. The cells of innate immunity that activate the lymphocytes of adaptive immunity are the:
60. A) macrophages and Langerhans cells
61. B) mast cells and neutrophils
62. C) basophils and eosinophils
63. D) eosinophils and monocytes

 

60. Which statement is NOT true of the defensive cells of innate immunity?
61. A) Macrophages are phagocytes.
62. B) Langerhans cells take foreign antigens to lymph nodes.
63. C) Basophils produce histamine as part of inflammation.
64. D) Mast cells activate the lymphocytes of adaptive immunity.

 

61. Interferon is produced by ___, and its function is to ___.
62. A) T cells/stimulate inflammation
63. B) B cells/stimulate antibody production
64. C) T cells/block viral reproduction
65. D) B cells/block the effects of histamine

 

62. In innate immunity, the chemical that blocks viral reproduction is :
63. A) histamine
64. B) complement
65. C) leukotrienes
66. D) interferon

 

63. In innate immunity, the function of complement is to:
64. A) lyse cellular antigens
65. B) label non-cellular antigens
66. C) attract WBCs to the area
67. D) all of these

 

64. In innate immunity, histamine and leukotrienes do all of these except:
65. A) make capillaries more permeable
66. B) cause vasodilation
67. C) inhibit viral reproduction
68. D) permit the formation of more tissue fluid

 

65. Which of these is NOT a sign of inflammation?
66. A) redness
67. B) swelling
68. C) pain
69. D) coolness

 

66. The purpose of inflammation is to ___ and to ___.
67. A) create pain/make the person see a doctor
68. B) bring more RBCs to the area/supply more oxygen
69. C) decrease tissue fluid formation in the damaged area/prevent damage to healthy tissue
70. D) eliminate the cause of the damage/permit tissue repair to begin

 

67. Which statement is NOT true of the chemicals of innate immunity?
68. A) Leukotrienes increase capillary permeability.
69. B) Histamine causes vasodilation.
70. C) Interferon prevents the growth of fungi within cells.
71. D) Complement may be a label for a non-cellular foreign antigen.

 

68. The T cells that participate in the recognition of foreign antigens are called:
69. A) helper T cells
70. B) cytotoxic T cells
71. C) memory T cells
72. D) killer T cells

 

69. The function of helper T cells is to:
70. A) help recognize foreign antigens
71. B) produce antibodies
72. C) help remember a pathogen
73. D) help neutralize viruses

 

70. The cells of adaptive immunity that are involved in the recognition of foreign antigens are:
71. A) helper T cells and helper B cells
72. B) macrophages and helper B cells
73. C) macrophages and helper T cells
74. D) plasma cells and macrophages

 

71. The mechanism of adaptive immunity that involves antibody production is called:
72. A) cellular immunity
73. B) antigen immunity
74. C) cell-mediated immunity
75. D) humoral immunity

 

72. The mechanism of adaptive immunity that does not involve antibody production is called:
73. A) antigen immunity
74. B) splenic immunity
75. C) cell-mediated immunity
76. D) humoral immunity

 

73. The labeling of a foreign antigen by antibodies is called ___, and results in ___.
74. A) opsonization/phagocytosis of the antigen
75. B) lymphokinesis/production of more antibodies
76. C) opsonization/production of more antibodies
77. D) lymphokinesis/phagocytosis of the antigen

 

74. Which statement is true of the mechanism of antibody-mediated immunity?
75. A) Memory T cells remember the specific foreign antigen.
76. B) Antibodies are produced by helper T cells.
77. C) Complement fixation is activated.
78. D) No T cells are involved.

 

75. The T cells that remember a specific foreign antigen are called:
76. A) helper T cells
77. B) cytotoxic T cells
78. C) memory T cells
79. D) killer T cells

 

76. The T cells that chemically destroy foreign antigens are called:
77. A) helper T cells
78. B) cytotoxic T cells
79. C) memory T cells
80. D) plasma T cells

 

77. The function of cytotoxic T cells is to:
78. A) help recognize foreign antigens
79. B) guide antibodies to their targets
80. C) remember cellular pathogens such as bacteria
81. D) chemically destroy foreign antigens

 

78. The B cells that produce antibodies are called:
79. A) killer B cells
80. B) memory B cells
81. C) helper B cells
82. D) plasma cells

 

79. The function of plasma cells is to:
80. A) produce antibodies
81. B) help recognize foreign antigens
82. C) produce plasma
83. D) guide cytotoxic T cells to their targets

 

80. The B cells that remember a specific foreign antigen are called:
81. A) killer B cells
82. B) memory B cells
83. C) helper B cells
84. D) plasma cells

 

81. In the embryo, T cells are produced in the:
82. A) bone marrow and thymus
83. B) bone marrow only
84. C) liver and thymus
85. D) liver only

 

82. In the embryo, B cells are produced in the:
83. A) bone marrow and thymus
84. B) bone marrow only
85. C) liver and spleen
86. D) spleen only

 

83. Which statement is true of the mechanism of cell-mediated immunity?
84. A) Complement fixation is activated.
85. B) Opsonization takes place.
86. C) Memory B cells remember the specific foreign antigen.
87. D) Cytotoxic T cells destroy a specific foreign antigen.

 

84. Which statement is NOT true of antibody-mediated immunity?
85. A) Some B cells become plasma cells that produce antibodies.
86. B) Antibodies label the specific foreign antigen for phagocytosis by macrophages.
87. C) Some B cells become memory B cells.
88. D) The antigen is recognized as foreign by helper B cells and helper T cells.

 

85. Which statement is NOT true of cell-mediated immunity?
86. A) It is effective against viruses and other intracellular pathogens.
87. B) Memory T cells remember the specific foreign antigen.
88. C) Cytotoxic T cells phagocytize antigens labeled with antibodies.
89. D) The antigen is recognized as foreign by macrophages and helper T cells.

 

86. In adaptive immunity, the process of complement fixation is activated by:
87. A) foreign antigens alone
88. B) macrophages alone
89. C) antigen–antibody complexes
90. D) macrophages and plasma cells

 

87. The process of complement fixation destroys cellular antigens by:
88. A) lysis
89. B) attracting mast cells
90. C) activating plasma cells
91. D) activating helper T cells

 

88. The process of complement fixation destroys non-cellular antigens by:
89. A) lysis
90. B) attracting macrophages
91. C) activating plasma cells
92. D) activating mast cells

 

89. The process of ___ requires a series of plasma proteins that will lyse cellular antigens.
90. A) complement fixation
91. B) opsonization
92. C) neutralization
93. D) agglutination

 

90. The clumping of bacteria by attached antibodies is called:
91. A) agglutination
92. B) complement fixation
93. C) immunization
94. D) neutralization

 

91. With respect to immunity, agglutination is:
92. A) antibodies changing the shape of viruses
93. B) antibodies clumping bacteria
94. C) memory cells being activated
95. D) cytotoxic T cells being activated

 

92. The changing of the shape of viruses or bacterial toxins by attached antibodies is called:
93. A) agglutination
94. B) complement fixation
95. C) immunization
96. D) neutralization

 

93. With respect to immunity, neutralization is:
94. A) antibodies changing the shape of viruses
95. B) antibodies clumping bacteria
96. C) memory cells being activated
97. D) cytotoxic T cells being activated

 

94. Bacterial toxins may be inactivated because antibodies:
95. A) change their shape
96. B) cut them in two pieces
97. C) phagocytize them
98. D) blow them up

 

95. Which statement is NOT true of antibodies?
96. A) They are protein molecules made by plasma cells.
97. B) An antibody is specific for one antigen only.
98. C) An antigen-antibody complex activates complement fixation.
99. D) Opsonization refers to antibodies phagocytizing antigens.

 

96. During the first exposure to an antigen, antibodies are produced:
97. A) not at all
98. B) slowly, in small amounts
99. C) rapidly, in large amounts
100. D) first rapidly, then slowly

 

97. During the second exposure to a foreign antigen, antibodies are produced:
98. A) not at all
99. B) slowly, in small amounts
100. C) rapidly, in large amounts
101. D) first rapidly, then slowly

 

98. Which class of antibodies is produced first during an infection?
99. A) IgA
100. B) IgG
101. C) IgE
102. D) IgM

 

99. Which class of antibodies is able to cross the placenta?
100. A) IgA
101. B) IgG
102. C) IgE
103. D) IgM

 

100. Which class of antibodies is found in breast milk?
101. A) IgA
102. B) IgG
103. C) IgE
104. D) IgM

 

101. Which class of antibodies is especially important in mucous membranes?
102. A) IgA
103. B) IgG
104. C) IgE
105. D) IgM

 

102. Which class of antibodies provides long-term immunity following recovery from a disease?
103. A) IgA
104. B) IgG
105. C) IgE
106. D) IgD

 

103. Which class of antibodies does the infant’s maturing immune system first produce?
104. A) IgA
105. B) IgG
106. C) IgE
107. D) IgM

 

104. Which class of antibodies is found on mast cells and is significant in allergic reactions?
105. A) IgA
106. B) IgG
107. C) IgE
108. D) IgM

 

105. In a mismatched blood transfusion between a type A person and a type B person, which antibodies would trigger hemolysis?
106. A) IgA
107. B) IgG
108. C) IgE
109. D) IgM

 

106. During an infection, the antibodies produced first are ___, and those produced second are ___.
107. A) IgM/IgE
108. B) IgG/IgM
109. C) IgM/IgG
110. D) IgG/IgE

 

107. The fetus acquires ___ maternal antibodies, and the breast-fed infant acquires ___ maternal antibodies.
108. A) IgA/IgG
109. B) IgM/IgG
110. C) IgM/IgA
111. D) IgG/IgA

 

108. The antibodies produced first after a vaccination would be ___, followed by production of ___.
109. A) IgM/IgG
110. B) IgA/IgG
111. C) IgG/IgM
112. D) IgG/IgA

 

109. Which of these would NOT be found in a vaccine?
110. A) a killed pathogen
111. B) a living pathogen
112. C) a toxoid
113. D) part of a pathogen

 

110. A vaccine is protective in that it takes the place of:
111. A) genetic immunity to the pathogen
112. B) the second exposure to the pathogen
113. C) the helper T cells and macrophages
114. D) the first exposure to the pathogen

 

111. Bacterial diseases of insects do not affect people because people have ___ to them.
112. A) genetic immunity
113. B) active acquired immunity
114. C) passive acquired immunity
115. D) passive-active immunity

 

112. An example of genetic immunity is:
113. A) the genes we have for antibody production to cold viruses
114. B) that a pet cat cannot be infected by the chickenpox virus
115. C) the maternal immunity passed to the fetus across the placenta
116. D) all of these are genetic immunity

 

113. Placental transmission of antibodies provides:
114. A) artificially acquired passive immunity
115. B) naturally acquired passive immunity
116. C) naturally acquired active immunity
117. D) artificially acquired active immunity

 

114. An example of naturally acquired passive immunity is:
115. A) placental transmission of antibodies
116. B) transmission of antibodies in breast milk
117. C) both A and B
118. D) both A and B, and immunity from an asymptomatic infection

 

115. Recovery from a disease provides:
116. A) artificially acquired passive immunity
117. B) naturally acquired passive immunity
118. C) naturally acquired active immunity
119. D) artificially acquired active immunity

 

116. An example of naturally acquired active immunity is:
117. A) recovery from the flu
118. B) receiving the flu vaccine that is made in duck eggs
119. C) both A and B
120. D) both A and B, and receiving gamma globulin for the flu

 

117. A vaccine provides:
118. A) artificially acquired passive immunity
119. B) naturally acquired passive immunity
120. C) naturally acquired active immunity
121. D) artificially acquired active immunity

 

118. An example of artificially acquired active immunity is:
119. A) a tetanus booster shot
120. B) the oral polio vaccine
121. C) the combination measles-mumps-rubella immunization
122. D) all of these

 

119. An injection of gamma globulins provides:
120. A) artificially acquired passive immunity
121. B) naturally acquired passive immunity
122. C) naturally acquired active immunity
123. D) artificially acquired active immunity

 

120. An example of artificially acquired passive immunity is:
121. A) preformed antibodies to hepatitis B
122. B) tetanus immune globulin for someone with symptoms of tetanus
123. C) rabies immune globulin for someone bitten by a rabid raccoon
124. D) all of these

 

121. Which of these is NOT paired with the proper type of immunity?
122. A) vaccine – artificially acquired active immunity
123. B) recovery from a disease – naturally acquired active immunity
124. C) placental transmission of antibodies – naturally acquired active immunity
125. D) injection of immune globulins – artificially acquired passive immunity

 

122. Water within capillaries is called ______________________.

 

 

123. Water found in the spaces between cells is called __________________________.

 

 

124. Tissue fluid is made from __________________ by the process of ______________________.

 

 

125. Blood plasma becomes tissue fluid by the process of ______________________.

 

 

126. Tissue fluid that has entered lymph capillaries is called ________________________.

 

 

127. Water in the body has several names: in capillaries it is ________________________; in between cells it is ______________________; and in lymph capillaries it is ________________.

 

 

128. The thoracic duct empties lymph into the _______________________ vein.

 

 

129. The vessel that empties lymph into the left subclavian vein is the _______________________.

 

 

130. The right lymphatic duct empties lymph into the ______________________ vein.

 

 

131. The vessel that empties lymph into the right subclavian vein is the _____________________.

 

 

132. The cisterna chyli collects lymph from the ____________________________.

 

 

133. Lymph from the lower body is first collected by the large vessel called the ________________________.

 

 

134. Lymph from the lower half and upper left quadrant of the body drains into the ______________________.

 

 

135. Lymph from the upper right quadrant of the body drains into the ____________________________.

 

 

136. Backflow of lymph in the larger lymph vessels is prevented by _______________________.

 

 

137. Lymph is kept moving in the larger lymph vessels by contraction of the ___________________________ in their walls.

 

 

138. In the larger lymph vessels of the legs, lymph is kept moving by the _____________________________.

 

 

139. In the larger lymph vessels in the thoracic cavity, lymph is kept moving by the ________________________.

 

 

140. Lymphatic tissue is the site of ________________________ of lymphocytes.

 

 

141. Lymphocytes are activated and proliferate within _____________________________.

 

 

142. In general, lymph nodes are located along ______________________________, and _______________________ flows through them.

 

 

143. Lymph nodes and nodules contain macrophages to ____________________________, and plasma cells that produce ____________________________.

 

 

144. Lymph nodes and nodules contain ___________________ to phagocytize pathogens and _______________________ that produce antibodies.

 

 

145. The _____________________ lymph nodes destroy pathogens in the lymph returning from the arms.

 

 

146. The ______________________ lymph nodes destroy pathogens in the lymph returning from the legs.

 

 

147. The _______________________ lymph nodes destroy pathogens in the lymph returning from the head.

 

 

148. The cervical lymph nodes are in the ____________________, and destroy pathogens in the lymph returning from the ___________________.

 

 

149. In general, lymph nodules are located beneath the _________________________ of body tracts lined with _________________________.

 

 

150. Lymph nodules destroy pathogens that have entered the body by way of _________________________.

 

 

151. In the abdomen, the spleen is located on the _____________________ side behind the ________________________.

 

 

152. The cells in the spleen that phagocytize pathogens are ________________________, and the cells that produce antibodies are _______________________.

 

 

153. The adult spleen, in terms of its functions, is very similar to a _________________________.

 

 

154. If the adult spleen must be removed, the organs that will compensate for its functions are the __________________________ and the _______________________.

 

 

155. The ______________________ and ____________________ are blood cells that are destroyed by the spleen.

 

 

156. When the spleen destroys old RBCs, _________________________ is formed from the heme portion of the _________________________.

 

 

157. When the spleen destroys old RBCs, the ______________________ that is formed circulates to the ______________________ to be excreted.

 

 

158. The fetal spleen has a function that ceases after birth; this is the production of ______________________.

 

 

159. In the fetus and young child, the organ that is most important for the development of the immune system is the ______________________________.

 

 

160. The lymphocytes that are produced by the thymus are called ________________________.

 

 

161. In the young child, the thymus is located below the ________________________ and behind the _______________________.

 

 

162. As a person reaches adulthood, the thymus gland ___________________ in size.

 

 

163. Antigens that are found on the cells of an individual are called ______________ antigens.

 

 

164. Foreign antigens are those that will stimulate production of _______________________.

 

 

165. Examples of foreign antigens are bacteria, ___________________ and ___________________.

 

 

166. The component of immunity that is specific as to antigen is _________________ immunity.

 

 

167. The component of immunity that is not specific as to antigen is ___________________ immunity.

 

 

168. The component of immunity that creates memory is ____________________ immunity.

 

 

169. The component of immunity that does not create memory is ____________________ immunity.

 

 

170. The component of immunity that may become more efficient with repeated exposures is _____________________ immunity.

 

 

171. The component of immunity that does not become more efficient with repeated exposures is _____________________ immunity.

 

 

172. In innate immunity, the body’s outermost defense is an unbroken_______________________.

 

 

173. In innate immunity, defensins are antimicrobial chemicals produced by the cells of the ____________________________.

 

 

174. In innate immunity, the mobile cells of the epidermis that pick up pathogens are _____________________________.

 

 

175. In innate immunity, the secondary line of defense that contains mast cells and WBCs is the _______________________________.

 

 

176. In innate immunity, the antibacterial chemical in tears and saliva is ____________________.

 

 

177. Ingested pathogens are usually destroyed by the _____________ in the _________________.

 

 

178. The respiratory mucosa is lined with ______________________ to sweep inhaled pathogens out.

 

 

179. The cells of innate immunity that activate the lymphocytes of adaptive immunity are the _________________________ and ________________________.

 

 

180. The cells of innate immunity that are the most important phagocytes are the ________________________ and the _______________________.

 

 

181. In innate immunity, the nonspecific lymphocytes that use perforins to destroy foreign cells are the ________________________.

 

 

182. The cells of innate immunity that produce histamine and leukotrienes are the ________________________ and __________________________.

 

 

183. In innate immunity, two chemicals that make capillaries more permeable are _________________________ and _______________________.

 

 

184. In innate immunity, the effect of histamine on arterioles is to cause _____________________.

 

 

185. In innate immunity, the chemical that inhibits the reproduction of viruses within cells is _____________________________.

 

 

186. In innate immunity, the function of interferon is to prevent the reproduction of ____________________ within cells.

 

 

187. In innate immunity, the chemical that lyses cellular antigens or labels non-cellular antigens is ______________________________.

 

 

188. In innate immunity, the purpose of inflammation is to destroy _____________________ and to permit ___________________________ to begin.

 

 

189. In innate immunity, the signs of inflammation are pain, redness, ___________________, and _________________________.

 

 

190. In innate immunity, the function of neutrophils is _______________________, and the function of basophils is to produce _______________________.

 

 

191. Inflammation is the body’s response to ______________________, and is part of ________________________ immunity.

 

 

192. In adaptive immunity, the cells that work together are the ______________________ and the __________________________.

 

 

193. In adaptive immunity, macrophages and helper T cells work together to __________________________.

 

 

194. In adaptive immunity, the cells that have self antigens to be used for comparison to foreign antigens are the ___________________________.

 

 

195. In adaptive immunity, the mechanism that does not involve antibody production is _________________________________.

 

 

196. In adaptive immunity, the labeling of a foreign antigen by antibodies is called _______________________.

 

 

197. In adaptive immunity, the labeling of a foreign antigen by antibodies is called _______________________, and it results in ________________________ of the antigen.

 

 

198. In adaptive immunity, the _____________________ T cells chemically destroy foreign antigens.

 

 

199. In adaptive immunity, cytotoxic T cells use _______________________ to destroy foreign antigens.

 

 

200. In adaptive immunity, the _____________________ T cells remember a specific foreign antigen.

 

 

201. In adaptive immunity, the _____________________ T cells contribute to the recognition of an antigen as foreign.

 

 

202. In adaptive immunity, the ___________________ T cells activate B cells.

 

 

203. In adaptive immunity, T cells are involved in all aspects of the mechanism called _______________________ immunity.

 

 

204. In the embryo, T cells are produced in the _______________________ and ______________.

 

 

205. In the embryo, B cells are produced in the _____________________________.

 

 

206. In adaptive immunity, the B cells that produce antibodies are called _______________________.

 

 

207. In adaptive immunity, plasma cells differentiate from ____________________ and produce ___________________.

 

 

208. In adaptive immunity, the __________________ B cells remember a specific foreign antigen.

 

 

209. In adaptive immunity, the process of complement fixation is activated by an _____________________.

 

 

210. In adaptive immunity, the process of complement fixation destroys cellular antigens by _______________________.

 

 

211. In adaptive immunity, the process of complement fixation destroys non-cellular antigens by attracting ________________________ for _________________________.

 

 

212. In adaptive immunity, when antibodies bond to bacteria they may cause clumping, which is called _____________________.

 

 

213. An antibody molecule is made of _______________ and is shaped like a ___________.

 

 

214. In adaptive immunity, when antibodies bond to viruses, they change the shape of the viruses, which is called _____________________________.

 

 

215. In adaptive immunity, the bonding of antibodies to a bacterial toxin inactivates the toxin because its _____________________ has been changed.

 

 

216. In adaptive immunity, a virus with antibodies attached is likely to be ____________________ by a __________________________.

 

 

217. During the first exposure to a pathogen such as the chickenpox virus, antibodies are produced at a _____________________ rate of speed and in __________________ amounts.

 

 

218. After the first exposure to a pathogen such as the chickenpox virus, the person is left with ___________________ and __________________ that are specific for the virus.

 

 

219. The first exposure to a pathogen such as the chickenpox virus often results in disease because antibodies are produced ______________________ to prevent it.

 

 

220. During the second exposure to a pathogen such as the chickenpox virus, antibodies are produced at a ______________________ rate of speed and in __________________ amounts.

 

 

221. A vaccine may contain a ______________________ or a _______________________ as an antigen.

 

 

222. A vaccine stimulates production of _________________ and ___________________.

 

 

223. A vaccine works because it takes the place of the _______________________ to the pathogen.

 

 

224. Virus diseases of plants do not affect people because people have _____________________ immunity to them.

 

 

225. Recovery from a disease provides ____________________ acquired ___________________ immunity.

 

 

226. A vaccine such as that for measles provides ____________________ acquired ______________ immunity.

 

 

227. Placental transmission of maternal antibodies to a fetus provides _____________________ acquired _____________________ immunity.

 

 

228. An injection of gamma globulins provides ________________________ acquired _______________________ immunity.

 

 

229. Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when a person __________________________.

 

 

230. Artificially acquired active immunity occurs when a person ______________________.

 

 

231. An example of passive immunity that is naturally acquired is _________________________.

 

 

232. An example of passive immunity that is artificially acquired is ________________________.

 

 

233. In any form of passive immunity, the antibodies have come from _______________________.

 

 

234. In any form of active immunity, the antibodies have come from ______________________________.

 

 

235. A tetanus booster shot is an example of _________________ immunity, and an injection of tetanus immune globulin is an example of _______________________ immunity.

 

 

 

Answer Key

 

1. B
2. C
3. C
4. D
5. B
6. A
7. A
8. D
9. A
10. A
11. C
12. A
13. A
14. B
15. B
16. C
17. D
18. C
19. B
20. A
21. D
22. C
23. A
24. D
25. A
26. A
27. D
28. B
29. A
30. B
31. B
32. A
33. B
34. A
35. C
36. D
37. A
38. A
39. B
40. C
41. A
42. D
43. A
44. C
45. D
46. B
47. C
48. D
49. B
50. A
51. D
52. D
53. A
54. C
55. B
56. B
57. A
58. D
59. A
60. D
61. C
62. D
63. D
64. C
65. D
66. D
67. C
68. A
69. A
70. C
71. D
72. C
73. A
74. C
75. C
76. B
77. D
78. D
79. A
80. B
81. A
82. B
83. D
84. D
85. C
86. C
87. A
88. B
89. A
90. A
91. B
92. D
93. A
94. A
95. D
96. B
97. C
98. D
99. B
100. A
101. A
102. B
103. D
104. C
105. D
106. C
107. D
108. A
109. B
110. D
111. A
112. B
113. B
114. C
115. C
116. A
117. D
118. D
119. A
120. D
121. C
122. plasma
123. tissue fluid; interstitial fluid

124A.  plasma

124B.  filtration

125. filtration
126. lymph

127A.  plasma

127B.  tissue fluid

127C.  lymph

128. left subclavian
129. thoracic duct
130. right subclavian
131. right lymphatic duct
132. lower body
133. cisterna chyli
134. thoracic duct
135. right lymphatic duct
136. valves
137. smooth muscle
138. skeletal muscle pump
139. respiratory pump
140. activation
141. lymphatic tissue; spleen; lymph nodes

142A.  lymph vessels

142B.  lymph

143A.  phagocytize pathogens

143B.  antibodies

144A.  macrophages

144B.  plasma cells

145. axillary
146. inguinal
147. cervical

148A.  neck

148B.  head

149A.  epithelium

149B.  mucous membranes

150. natural openings

151A.  left

151B.  stomach

152A.  macrophages

152B.  plasma cells

153. lymph node

154A.  liver

154B.  lymph nodes

155A.  red blood cells

155B.  platelets

156A.  bilirubin

156B.  hemoglobin

157A.  bilirubin

157B.  liver

158. RBCs
159. thymus gland
160. T cells

161A.  thyroid gland

161B.  sternum

162. decreases
163. self
164. antibodies

165A.  viruses

165B.  fungi; protozoa; tumor cells

166. adaptive
167. innate
168. adaptive
169. innate
170. adaptive
171. innate
172. stratum corneum; epidermis
173. epidermis
174. Langerhans cells
175. subcutaneous tissue
176. lysozyme

177A.  HCl

177B.  stomach

178. ciliated epithelium

179A.  macrophages

179B.  Langerhans cells

180A.  macrophages

180B.  neutrophils

181. natural killer cells

182A.  basophils

182B.  mast cells

183A.  histamine

183B.  leukotrienes

184. vasodilation
185. interferon
186. viruses
187. complement

188A.  pathogens

188B.  tissue repair

189A.  swelling

189B.  heat

190A.  phagocytosis

190B.  histamine

191A.  damage of any kind

191B.  innate

192A.  macrophages

192B.  helper T cells

193. recognize foreign antigens
194. macrophages
195. cell-mediated immunity
196. opsonization

197A.  opsonization

197B.  phagocytosis

198. cytotoxic
199. chemicals
200. memory
201. helper
202. helper
203. cell-mediated

204A.  red bone marrow

204B.  thymus

205. red bone marrow
206. plasma cells

207A.  B cells

207B.  antibodies

208. memory
209. antigen–antibody complex
210. lysis; rupturing them

211A.  macrophages

211B.  phagocytosis

212. agglutination

213A.  protein

213B.  Y

214. neutralization
215. shape

216A.  phagocytized

216B.  macrophage

217A.  slow

217B.  small

218A.  antibodies

218B.  memory cells

219. too slowly

220A.  rapid

220B.  large

221A.  killed pathogen

221B.  part of a pathogen; weakened pathogen; toxoid

222A.  antibodies

222B.  memory cells

223. first exposure
224. genetic

225A.  naturally

225B.  active

226A.  artificially

226B.  active

227A.  naturally

227B.  passive

228A.  artificially

228B.  passive

229. recovers from a disease
230. receives a vaccine
231. placental transmission of antibodies; breast milk
232. an injection of gamma globulins
233. someone else
234. the person’s own plasma cells

235A.  active

235B.  passive