Description
Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology 5th Edition Scanlon Sanders Test Bank
ISBN
- 0803615469
- 9780803615465
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Chapter 14: The Lymphatic System and Immunity
- Water found within capillaries is called:
- A) intracellular fluid
- B) plasma
- C) tissue fluid
- D) lymph
- Water found in the spaces between cells is called:
- A) intracellular fluid
- B) plasma
- C) tissue fluid
- D) lymph
- Tissue fluid may also be called:
- A) interstitial fluid
- B) intercellular fluid
- C) both A and B
- D) neither A nor B, because these are names for water within cells
- Tissue fluid that has entered lymph capillaries is called:
- A) plasma
- B) intracellular fluid
- C) intercellular fluid
- D) lymph
- Blood plasma becomes tissue fluid the process of:
- A) osmosis
- B) filtration
- C) active transport
- D) diffusion
- The lymph in the system of lymph vessels is returned to, or becomes part of:
- A) plasma
- B) tissue fluid
- C) intracellular fluid
- D) cerebrospinal fluid
- Which of these is the proper sequence of names for the formation and destination of lymph?
- A) plasma – tissue fluid – lymph – plasma
- B) tissue fluid – plasma – lymph – plasma
- C) plasma – lymph – tissue fluid – plasma
- D) tissue fluid – plasma – lymph – tissue fluid
- The cisterna chyli collects lymph from the:
- A) head
- B) arms
- C) upper body
- D) lower body
- Lymph from the lower body flows into the ___, then to the ___.
- A) cisterna chyli/thoracic duct
- B) inferior cisterna/thoracic duct
- C) thoracic duct/cisterna chyli
- D) thoracic duct/inferior cisterna
- The thoracic duct empties lymph into the:
- A) left subclavian vein
- B) superior vena cava
- C) right subclavian vein
- D) inferior vena cava
- The right lymphatic duct empties lymph into the:
- A) left subclavian vein
- B) superior vena cava
- C) right subclavian vein
- D) inferior vena cava
- The destination of lymph to be returned to the blood is one of the:
- A) subclavian veins
- B) thoracic veins
- C) cisterna veins
- D) jugular veins
- Blood is prevented from flowing into the lymphatic vessels by:
- A) flaps in the subclavian veins
- B) flaps in the jugular veins
- C) anastomoses from the subclavian to the jugular veins
- D) anastomoses from the jugular to the subclavian veins
- The thoracic duct drains lymph from all these areas of the body except the:
- A) upper left quadrant
- B) upper right quadrant
- C) lower left quadrant
- D) lower right quadrant
- The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from this part of the body:
- A) upper left quadrant
- B) upper right quadrant
- C) lower left quadrant
- D) lower right quadrant
- Backflow of lymph in the larger lymph vessels is prevented by:
- A) the lymph pump
- B) dilation
- C) valves
- D) the heart
- Which of these is NOT a mechanism that keeps lymph moving in lymph vessels?
- A) constriction of the larger lymph vessels
- B) the respiratory pump for vessels in the chest cavity
- C) the skeletal muscle pump for vessels in the legs
- D) the cardiac muscle pump for vessels in the chest cavity
- Which statement is NOT true of the system of lymph vessels?
- A) The larger vessels have a structure very much like that of veins, including valves.
- B) Lymph is collected dead-end lymph capillaries.
- C) The thoracic duct empties lymph into the right subclavian vein.
- D) The cisterna chyli collects lymph from the lower body.
- Which of these is NOT a function of lymph nodes and nodules?
- A) phagocytosis of pathogens macrophages
- B) phagocytosis of old RBCs
- C) activation site of lymphocytes
- D) production of antibodies plasma cells
- The white blood cells produced lymph nodes and nodules are the:
- A) lymphocytes
- B) neutrophils
- C) eosinophils
- D) basophils
- Lymph nodes (in general) are located:
- A) in the dermis of the skin
- B) along the pathways of blood vessels
- C) in the body tracts that open to the environment
- D) along the pathways of lymph vessels
- The lymph nodes that destroy pathogens in lymph returning from the arms are called:
- A) cervical
- B) thoracic
- C) axillary
- D) inguinal
- The lymph nodes that destroy pathogens in lymph returning from the head are called:
- A) cervical
- B) thoracic
- C) axillary
- D) inguinal
- The lymph nodes that destroy pathogens in lymph returning from the legs are called:
- A) cervical
- B) thoracic
- C) axillary
- D) inguinal
- Submaxillary lymph nodes would be found near the ___, and popliteal nodes would be found at the ___.
- A) jaw/knee
- B) nose/foot
- C) nose/knee
- D) jaw/foot
- Mesenteric lymph nodes would be found near the ___, and mediastinal nodes would be found near the ___.
- A) intestines/heart
- B) heart/lungs
- C) lungs/heart
- D) heart/intestines
- The function of lymph nodes is to destroy pathogens in the:
- A) blood coming from the extremities
- B) inhaled air
- C) food that has been ingested
- D) lymph coming from the extremities
- Lymph nodules (in general) are located:
- A) along the pathways of lymph vessels
- B) in the body tracts that open to the environment
- C) along the pathways of blood vessels
- D) in the dermis of the skin
- The tonsils are the ___ of the ___.
- A) lymph nodules/pharynx
- B) lymph nodes/larynx
- C) lymph nodules/larynx
- D) lymph nodes/pharynx
- The lymph nodules of the pharynx are called:
- A) Peyer’s patches
- B) tonsils
- C) the Circle of Nodules
- D) respiratory nodules
- The function of lymph nodules is to destroy pathogens that:
- A) enter the body through breaks in the skin
- B) enter the body through natural openings such as the nose
- C) are in lymph from the arms and legs
- D) are in lymph from the head and neck
- In the abdominal cavity, the spleen is located:
- A) behind the stomach
- B) behind the liver
- C) above the diaphragm
- D) behind the sternum
- Which of these is NOT a function of the adult spleen?
- A) destruction of damaged platelets
- B) production of RBCs
- C) production of antibodies plasma cells
- D) phagocytosis of pathogens macrophages
- Production of RBCs is a function of the spleen:
- A) during fetal development
- B) during infancy
- C) during childhood
- D) throughout life
- With respect to its functions, the spleen is most similar to:
- A) the liver
- B) the red bone marrow
- C) a lymph node
- D) the yellow bone marrow
- Which of these organs does NOT compensate for the removal of the spleen in an adult?
- A) the liver
- B) the red bone marrow
- C) the lymph nodes
- D) the thymus gland
- The cells in the spleen that phagocytize old RBCs are:
- A) macrophages
- B) T cells
- C) B cells
- D) plasma cells
- When the spleen destroys old RBCs, it:
- A) forms bilirubin, which will be excreted the liver
- B) makes new hemoglobin
- C) makes new RBCs
- D) stores the iron from old hemoglobin
- Which statement is NOT true of the adult spleen?
- A) It is a site of activation of lymphocytes.
- B) It produces RBCs and destroys old RBCs.
- C) It is located behind the stomach.
- D) It forms bilirubin from the hemoglobin of old RBCs.
- In the fetus, the organ that is important for the normal development of the immune system is the:
- A) liver
- B) spleen
- C) thymus gland
- D) lymph node
- The lymphocytes that are produced the thymus are called:
- A) T cells
- B) B cells
- C) plasma cells
- D) macrophages
- Which statement is NOT true of the thymus?
- A) It is important for the development of normal immune responses.
- B) It produces lymphocytes called T cells.
- C) It is most active in the fetus and young child.
- D) It is located behind the spleen.
- A foreign antigen is an antigen that:
- A) will stimulate antibody production
- B) is found on a person’s cells rather than in the blood
- C) is found in a person’s blood rather than on cells
- D) is one of a person’s HLA types
- If a microorganism stimulates antibody production, it is considered to be a:
- A) foreign antigen
- B) potential pathogen
- C) both of these
- D) neither of these
- Which of these is NOT a foreign antigen for an individual?
- A) bacteria
- B) cancer cells
- C) viruses
- D) the HLA types present
- Which statement is NOT true of innate immunity?
- A) It does not create memory for a pathogen.
- B) Its antibody production is usually slow.
- C) Its responses are always the same.
- D) It involves inflammation.
- Which statement is NOT true of adaptive immunity?
- A) The second exposure to a pathogen is often more efficient than the first.
- B) It involves both T and B lymphocytes.
- C) Its antibody-producing cells are T cells.
- D) It does create memory for a pathogen.
- Which statement is NOT true of innate immunity and adaptive immunity?
- A) Innate immune responses are triggered damage of any kind.
- B) T and B lymphocytes are specific for particular foreign antigens.
- C) Macrophages are part of both components of immunity.
- D) Only innate immunity creates memory.
- All of these are barriers of innate immunity except:
- A) the stratum corneum
- B) serous membranes
- C) mucous membranes
- D) the subcutaneous tissue
- The lysozyme of innate immunity is found in:
- A) tears, to inhibit bacterial growth
- B) saliva, to stimulate inflammation
- C) gastric juice, to destroy bacteria
- D) the stratum corneum, to inhibit fungi
- Mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract help prevent the entry of pathogens because they have:
- A) smooth muscle tissue
- B) stratified squamous epithelial tissue
- C) microvilli
- D) ciliated epithelial tissue
- Which statement is NOT true of the barriers of innate immunity?
- A) The gastric mucosa secretes HCl to destroy pathogens in food.
- B) Defensins are produced the cells of the epidermis.
- C) The subcutaneous tissue contains mast cells and WBCs in areolar connective tissue.
- D) The Langerhans cells of the epidermis destroy bacteria with chemicals called perforators.
- In innate immunity, all of these cells are phagocytic except:
- A) natural killer cells
- B) neutrophils
- C) macrophages
- D) eosinophils
- In innate immunity, histamine and leukotrienes are produced by:
- A) Langerhans cells and eosinophils
- B) eosinophils and basophils
- C) basophils and mast cells
- D) mast cells and Langerhans cells
- In innate immunity, destruction of tumor cells secretion of perforins is a function of:
- A) macrophages, which differentiate from monocytes
- B) natural killer cells, a type of lymphocyte
- C) Langerhans cells circulating in the blood
- D) neutrophils, one of the granular WBCs
- Natural killer cells are different from other lymphocytes because they:
- A) produce antibodies
- B) are not specific for a particular foreign antigen
- C) are specific for a particular foreign antigen
- D) become memory cells
- The lymphocytes that are not specific for a particular foreign antigen are the:
- A) natural killer cells
- B) helper T cells
- C) memory B cells
- D) plasma cells
- The lymphocytes that help destroy many kinds of foreign antigens disrupting their cell membranes are the:
- A) helper T cells
- B) plasma cells
- C) memory B cells
- D) natural killer cells
- The cells of innate immunity that activate the lymphocytes of adaptive immunity are the:
- A) macrophages and Langerhans cells
- B) mast cells and neutrophils
- C) basophils and eosinophils
- D) eosinophils and monocytes
- Which statement is NOT true of the defensive cells of innate immunity?
- A) Macrophages are phagocytes.
- B) Langerhans cells take foreign antigens to lymph nodes.
- C) Basophils produce histamine as part of inflammation.
- D) Mast cells activate the lymphocytes of adaptive immunity.
- Interferon is produced ___, and its function is to ___.
- A) T cells/stimulate inflammation
- B) B cells/stimulate antibody production
- C) T cells/block viral reproduction
- D) B cells/block the effects of histamine
- In innate immunity, the chemical that blocks viral reproduction is :
- A) histamine
- B) complement
- C) leukotrienes
- D) interferon
- In innate immunity, the function of complement is to:
- A) lyse cellular antigens
- B) label non-cellular antigens
- C) attract WBCs to the area
- D) all of these
- In innate immunity, histamine and leukotrienes do all of these except:
- A) make capillaries more permeable
- B) cause vasodilation
- C) inhibit viral reproduction
- D) permit the formation of more tissue fluid
- Which of these is NOT a sign of inflammation?
- A) redness
- B) swelling
- C) pain
- D) coolness
- The purpose of inflammation is to ___ and to ___.
- A) create pain/make the person see a doctor
- B) bring more RBCs to the area/supply more oxygen
- C) decrease tissue fluid formation in the damaged area/prevent damage to healthy tissue
- D) eliminate the cause of the damage/permit tissue repair to begin
- Which statement is NOT true of the chemicals of innate immunity?
- A) Leukotrienes increase capillary permeability.
- B) Histamine causes vasodilation.
- C) Interferon prevents the growth of fungi within cells.
- D) Complement may be a label for a non-cellular foreign antigen.
- The T cells that participate in the recognition of foreign antigens are called:
- A) helper T cells
- B) cytotoxic T cells
- C) memory T cells
- D) killer T cells
- The function of helper T cells is to:
- A) help recognize foreign antigens
- B) produce antibodies
- C) help remember a pathogen
- D) help neutralize viruses
- The cells of adaptive immunity that are involved in the recognition of foreign antigens are:
- A) helper T cells and helper B cells
- B) macrophages and helper B cells
- C) macrophages and helper T cells
- D) plasma cells and macrophages
- The mechanism of adaptive immunity that involves antibody production is called:
- A) cellular immunity
- B) antigen immunity
- C) cell-mediated immunity
- D) humoral immunity
- The mechanism of adaptive immunity that does not involve antibody production is called:
- A) antigen immunity
- B) splenic immunity
- C) cell-mediated immunity
- D) humoral immunity
- The labeling of a foreign antigen antibodies is called ___, and results in ___.
- A) opsonization/phagocytosis of the antigen
- B) lymphokinesis/production of more antibodies
- C) opsonization/production of more antibodies
- D) lymphokinesis/phagocytosis of the antigen
- Which statement is true of the mechanism of antibody-mediated immunity?
- A) Memory T cells remember the specific foreign antigen.
- B) Antibodies are produced helper T cells.
- C) Complement fixation is activated.
- D) No T cells are involved.
- The T cells that remember a specific foreign antigen are called:
- A) helper T cells
- B) cytotoxic T cells
- C) memory T cells
- D) killer T cells
- The T cells that chemically destroy foreign antigens are called:
- A) helper T cells
- B) cytotoxic T cells
- C) memory T cells
- D) plasma T cells
- The function of cytotoxic T cells is to:
- A) help recognize foreign antigens
- B) guide antibodies to their targets
- C) remember cellular pathogens such as bacteria
- D) chemically destroy foreign antigens
- The B cells that produce antibodies are called:
- A) killer B cells
- B) memory B cells
- C) helper B cells
- D) plasma cells
- The function of plasma cells is to:
- A) produce antibodies
- B) help recognize foreign antigens
- C) produce plasma
- D) guide cytotoxic T cells to their targets
- The B cells that remember a specific foreign antigen are called:
- A) killer B cells
- B) memory B cells
- C) helper B cells
- D) plasma cells
- In the embryo, T cells are produced in the:
- A) bone marrow and thymus
- B) bone marrow only
- C) liver and thymus
- D) liver only
- In the embryo, B cells are produced in the:
- A) bone marrow and thymus
- B) bone marrow only
- C) liver and spleen
- D) spleen only
- Which statement is true of the mechanism of cell-mediated immunity?
- A) Complement fixation is activated.
- B) Opsonization takes place.
- C) Memory B cells remember the specific foreign antigen.
- D) Cytotoxic T cells destroy a specific foreign antigen.
- Which statement is NOT true of antibody-mediated immunity?
- A) Some B cells become plasma cells that produce antibodies.
- B) Antibodies label the specific foreign antigen for phagocytosis macrophages.
- C) Some B cells become memory B cells.
- D) The antigen is recognized as foreign helper B cells and helper T cells.
- Which statement is NOT true of cell-mediated immunity?
- A) It is effective against viruses and other intracellular pathogens.
- B) Memory T cells remember the specific foreign antigen.
- C) Cytotoxic T cells phagocytize antigens labeled with antibodies.
- D) The antigen is recognized as foreign macrophages and helper T cells.
- In adaptive immunity, the process of complement fixation is activated by:
- A) foreign antigens alone
- B) macrophages alone
- C) antigen–antibody complexes
- D) macrophages and plasma cells
- The process of complement fixation destroys cellular antigens by:
- A) lysis
- B) attracting mast cells
- C) activating plasma cells
- D) activating helper T cells
- The process of complement fixation destroys non-cellular antigens by:
- A) lysis
- B) attracting macrophages
- C) activating plasma cells
- D) activating mast cells
- The process of ___ requires a series of plasma proteins that will lyse cellular antigens.
- A) complement fixation
- B) opsonization
- C) neutralization
- D) agglutination
- The clumping of bacteria attached antibodies is called:
- A) agglutination
- B) complement fixation
- C) immunization
- D) neutralization
- With respect to immunity, agglutination is:
- A) antibodies changing the shape of viruses
- B) antibodies clumping bacteria
- C) memory cells being activated
- D) cytotoxic T cells being activated
- The changing of the shape of viruses or bacterial toxins attached antibodies is called:
- A) agglutination
- B) complement fixation
- C) immunization
- D) neutralization
- With respect to immunity, neutralization is:
- A) antibodies changing the shape of viruses
- B) antibodies clumping bacteria
- C) memory cells being activated
- D) cytotoxic T cells being activated
- Bacterial toxins may be inactivated because antibodies:
- A) change their shape
- B) cut them in two pieces
- C) phagocytize them
- D) blow them up
- Which statement is NOT true of antibodies?
- A) They are protein molecules made plasma cells.
- B) An antibody is specific for one antigen only.
- C) An antigen-antibody complex activates complement fixation.
- D) Opsonization refers to antibodies phagocytizing antigens.
- During the first exposure to an antigen, antibodies are produced:
- A) not at all
- B) slowly, in small amounts
- C) rapidly, in large amounts
- D) first rapidly, then slowly
- During the second exposure to a foreign antigen, antibodies are produced:
- A) not at all
- B) slowly, in small amounts
- C) rapidly, in large amounts
- D) first rapidly, then slowly
- Which class of antibodies is produced first during an infection?
- A) IgA
- B) IgG
- C) IgE
- D) IgM
- Which class of antibodies is able to cross the placenta?
- A) IgA
- B) IgG
- C) IgE
- D) IgM
- Which class of antibodies is found in breast milk?
- A) IgA
- B) IgG
- C) IgE
- D) IgM
- Which class of antibodies is especially important in mucous membranes?
- A) IgA
- B) IgG
- C) IgE
- D) IgM
- Which class of antibodies provides long-term immunity following recovery from a disease?
- A) IgA
- B) IgG
- C) IgE
- D) IgD
- Which class of antibodies does the infant’s maturing immune system first produce?
- A) IgA
- B) IgG
- C) IgE
- D) IgM
- Which class of antibodies is found on mast cells and is significant in allergic reactions?
- A) IgA
- B) IgG
- C) IgE
- D) IgM
- In a mismatched blood transfusion between a type A person and a type B person, which antibodies would trigger hemolysis?
- A) IgA
- B) IgG
- C) IgE
- D) IgM
- During an infection, the antibodies produced first are ___, and those produced second are ___.
- A) IgM/IgE
- B) IgG/IgM
- C) IgM/IgG
- D) IgG/IgE
- The fetus acquires ___ maternal antibodies, and the breast-fed infant acquires ___ maternal antibodies.
- A) IgA/IgG
- B) IgM/IgG
- C) IgM/IgA
- D) IgG/IgA
- The antibodies produced first after a vaccination would be ___, followed production of ___.
- A) IgM/IgG
- B) IgA/IgG
- C) IgG/IgM
- D) IgG/IgA
- Which of these would NOT be found in a vaccine?
- A) a killed pathogen
- B) a living pathogen
- C) a toxoid
- D) part of a pathogen
- A vaccine is protective in that it takes the place of:
- A) genetic immunity to the pathogen
- B) the second exposure to the pathogen
- C) the helper T cells and macrophages
- D) the first exposure to the pathogen
- Bacterial diseases of insects do not affect people because people have ___ to them.
- A) genetic immunity
- B) active acquired immunity
- C) passive acquired immunity
- D) passive-active immunity
- An example of genetic immunity is:
- A) the genes we have for antibody production to cold viruses
- B) that a pet cat cannot be infected the chickenpox virus
- C) the maternal immunity passed to the fetus across the placenta
- D) all of these are genetic immunity
- Placental transmission of antibodies provides:
- A) artificially acquired passive immunity
- B) naturally acquired passive immunity
- C) naturally acquired active immunity
- D) artificially acquired active immunity
- An example of naturally acquired passive immunity is:
- A) placental transmission of antibodies
- B) transmission of antibodies in breast milk
- C) both A and B
- D) both A and B, and immunity from an asymptomatic infection
- Recovery from a disease provides:
- A) artificially acquired passive immunity
- B) naturally acquired passive immunity
- C) naturally acquired active immunity
- D) artificially acquired active immunity
- An example of naturally acquired active immunity is:
- A) recovery from the flu
- B) receiving the flu vaccine that is made in duck eggs
- C) both A and B
- D) both A and B, and receiving gamma globulin for the flu
- A vaccine provides:
- A) artificially acquired passive immunity
- B) naturally acquired passive immunity
- C) naturally acquired active immunity
- D) artificially acquired active immunity
- An example of artificially acquired active immunity is:
- A) a tetanus booster shot
- B) the oral polio vaccine
- C) the combination measles-mumps-rubella immunization
- D) all of these
- An injection of gamma globulins provides:
- A) artificially acquired passive immunity
- B) naturally acquired passive immunity
- C) naturally acquired active immunity
- D) artificially acquired active immunity
- An example of artificially acquired passive immunity is:
- A) preformed antibodies to hepatitis B
- B) tetanus immune globulin for someone with symptoms of tetanus
- C) rabies immune globulin for someone bitten a rabid raccoon
- D) all of these
- Which of these is NOT paired with the proper type of immunity?
- A) vaccine – artificially acquired active immunity
- B) recovery from a disease – naturally acquired active immunity
- C) placental transmission of antibodies – naturally acquired active immunity
- D) injection of immune globulins – artificially acquired passive immunity
- Water within capillaries is called ______________________.
- Water found in the spaces between cells is called __________________________.
- Tissue fluid is made from __________________ the process of ______________________.
- Blood plasma becomes tissue fluid the process of ______________________.
- Tissue fluid that has entered lymph capillaries is called ________________________.
- Water in the body has several names: in capillaries it is ________________________; in between cells it is ______________________; and in lymph capillaries it is ________________.
- The thoracic duct empties lymph into the _______________________ vein.
- The vessel that empties lymph into the left subclavian vein is the _______________________.
- The right lymphatic duct empties lymph into the ______________________ vein.
- The vessel that empties lymph into the right subclavian vein is the _____________________.
- The cisterna chyli collects lymph from the ____________________________.
- Lymph from the lower body is first collected the large vessel called the ________________________.
- Lymph from the lower half and upper left quadrant of the body drains into the ______________________.
- Lymph from the upper right quadrant of the body drains into the ____________________________.
- Backflow of lymph in the larger lymph vessels is prevented _______________________.
- Lymph is kept moving in the larger lymph vessels contraction of the ___________________________ in their walls.
- In the larger lymph vessels of the legs, lymph is kept moving the _____________________________.
- In the larger lymph vessels in the thoracic cavity, lymph is kept moving the ________________________.
- Lymphatic tissue is the site of ________________________ of lymphocytes.
- Lymphocytes are activated and proliferate within _____________________________.
- In general, lymph nodes are located along ______________________________, and _______________________ flows through them.
- Lymph nodes and nodules contain macrophages to ____________________________, and plasma cells that produce ____________________________.
- Lymph nodes and nodules contain ___________________ to phagocytize pathogens and _______________________ that produce antibodies.
- The _____________________ lymph nodes destroy pathogens in the lymph returning from the arms.
- The ______________________ lymph nodes destroy pathogens in the lymph returning from the legs.
- The _______________________ lymph nodes destroy pathogens in the lymph returning from the head.
- The cervical lymph nodes are in the ____________________, and destroy pathogens in the lymph returning from the ___________________.
- In general, lymph nodules are located beneath the _________________________ of body tracts lined with _________________________.
- Lymph nodules destroy pathogens that have entered the body way of _________________________.
- In the abdomen, the spleen is located on the _____________________ side behind the ________________________.
- The cells in the spleen that phagocytize pathogens are ________________________, and the cells that produce antibodies are _______________________.
- The adult spleen, in terms of its functions, is very similar to a _________________________.
- If the adult spleen must be removed, the organs that will compensate for its functions are the __________________________ and the _______________________.
- The ______________________ and ____________________ are blood cells that are destroyed the spleen.
- When the spleen destroys old RBCs, _________________________ is formed from the heme portion of the _________________________.
- When the spleen destroys old RBCs, the ______________________ that is formed circulates to the ______________________ to be excreted.
- The fetal spleen has a function that ceases after birth; this is the production of ______________________.
- In the fetus and young child, the organ that is most important for the development of the immune system is the ______________________________.
- The lymphocytes that are produced the thymus are called ________________________.
- In the young child, the thymus is located below the ________________________ and behind the _______________________.
- As a person reaches adulthood, the thymus gland ___________________ in size.
- Antigens that are found on the cells of an individual are called ______________ antigens.
- Foreign antigens are those that will stimulate production of _______________________.
- Examples of foreign antigens are bacteria, ___________________ and ___________________.
- The component of immunity that is specific as to antigen is _________________ immunity.
- The component of immunity that is not specific as to antigen is ___________________ immunity.
- The component of immunity that creates memory is ____________________ immunity.
- The component of immunity that does not create memory is ____________________ immunity.
- The component of immunity that may become more efficient with repeated exposures is _____________________ immunity.
- The component of immunity that does not become more efficient with repeated exposures is _____________________ immunity.
- In innate immunity, the body’s outermost defense is an unbroken_______________________.
- In innate immunity, defensins are antimicrobial chemicals produced the cells of the ____________________________.
- In innate immunity, the mobile cells of the epidermis that pick up pathogens are _____________________________.
- In innate immunity, the secondary line of defense that contains mast cells and WBCs is the _______________________________.
- In innate immunity, the antibacterial chemical in tears and saliva is ____________________.
- Ingested pathogens are usually destroyed the _____________ in the _________________.
- The respiratory mucosa is lined with ______________________ to sweep inhaled pathogens out.
- The cells of innate immunity that activate the lymphocytes of adaptive immunity are the _________________________ and ________________________.
- The cells of innate immunity that are the most important phagocytes are the ________________________ and the _______________________.
- In innate immunity, the nonspecific lymphocytes that use perforins to destroy foreign cells are the ________________________.
- The cells of innate immunity that produce histamine and leukotrienes are the ________________________ and __________________________.
- In innate immunity, two chemicals that make capillaries more permeable are _________________________ and _______________________.
- In innate immunity, the effect of histamine on arterioles is to cause _____________________.
- In innate immunity, the chemical that inhibits the reproduction of viruses within cells is _____________________________.
- In innate immunity, the function of interferon is to prevent the reproduction of ____________________ within cells.
- In innate immunity, the chemical that lyses cellular antigens or labels non-cellular antigens is ______________________________.
- In innate immunity, the purpose of inflammation is to destroy _____________________ and to permit ___________________________ to begin.
- In innate immunity, the signs of inflammation are pain, redness, ___________________, and _________________________.
- In innate immunity, the function of neutrophils is _______________________, and the function of basophils is to produce _______________________.
- Inflammation is the body’s response to ______________________, and is part of ________________________ immunity.
- In adaptive immunity, the cells that work together are the ______________________ and the __________________________.
- In adaptive immunity, macrophages and helper T cells work together to __________________________.
- In adaptive immunity, the cells that have self antigens to be used for comparison to foreign antigens are the ___________________________.
- In adaptive immunity, the mechanism that does not involve antibody production is _________________________________.
- In adaptive immunity, the labeling of a foreign antigen antibodies is called _______________________.
- In adaptive immunity, the labeling of a foreign antigen antibodies is called _______________________, and it results in ________________________ of the antigen.
- In adaptive immunity, the _____________________ T cells chemically destroy foreign antigens.
- In adaptive immunity, cytotoxic T cells use _______________________ to destroy foreign antigens.
- In adaptive immunity, the _____________________ T cells remember a specific foreign antigen.
- In adaptive immunity, the _____________________ T cells contribute to the recognition of an antigen as foreign.
- In adaptive immunity, the ___________________ T cells activate B cells.
- In adaptive immunity, T cells are involved in all aspects of the mechanism called _______________________ immunity.
- In the embryo, T cells are produced in the _______________________ and ______________.
- In the embryo, B cells are produced in the _____________________________.
- In adaptive immunity, the B cells that produce antibodies are called _______________________.
- In adaptive immunity, plasma cells differentiate from ____________________ and produce ___________________.
- In adaptive immunity, the __________________ B cells remember a specific foreign antigen.
- In adaptive immunity, the process of complement fixation is activated an _____________________.
- In adaptive immunity, the process of complement fixation destroys cellular antigens _______________________.
- In adaptive immunity, the process of complement fixation destroys non-cellular antigens attracting ________________________ for _________________________.
- In adaptive immunity, when antibodies bond to bacteria they may cause clumping, which is called _____________________.
- An antibody molecule is made of _______________ and is shaped like a ___________.
- In adaptive immunity, when antibodies bond to viruses, they change the shape of the viruses, which is called _____________________________.
- In adaptive immunity, the bonding of antibodies to a bacterial toxin inactivates the toxin because its _____________________ has been changed.
- In adaptive immunity, a virus with antibodies attached is likely to be ____________________ a __________________________.
- During the first exposure to a pathogen such as the chickenpox virus, antibodies are produced at a _____________________ rate of speed and in __________________ amounts.
- After the first exposure to a pathogen such as the chickenpox virus, the person is left with ___________________ and __________________ that are specific for the virus.
- The first exposure to a pathogen such as the chickenpox virus often results in disease because antibodies are produced ______________________ to prevent it.
- During the second exposure to a pathogen such as the chickenpox virus, antibodies are produced at a ______________________ rate of speed and in __________________ amounts.
- A vaccine may contain a ______________________ or a _______________________ as an antigen.
- A vaccine stimulates production of _________________ and ___________________.
- A vaccine works because it takes the place of the _______________________ to the pathogen.
- Virus diseases of plants do not affect people because people have _____________________ immunity to them.
- Recovery from a disease provides ____________________ acquired ___________________ immunity.
- A vaccine such as that for measles provides ____________________ acquired ______________ immunity.
- Placental transmission of maternal antibodies to a fetus provides _____________________ acquired _____________________ immunity.
- An injection of gamma globulins provides ________________________ acquired _______________________ immunity.
- Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when a person __________________________.
- Artificially acquired active immunity occurs when a person ______________________.
- An example of passive immunity that is naturally acquired is _________________________.
- An example of passive immunity that is artificially acquired is ________________________.
- In any form of passive immunity, the antibodies have come from _______________________.
- In any form of active immunity, the antibodies have come from ______________________________.
- A tetanus booster shot is an example of _________________ immunity, and an injection of tetanus immune globulin is an example of _______________________ immunity.
Answer Key
- B
- C
- C
- D
- B
- A
- A
- D
- A
- A
- C
- A
- A
- B
- B
- C
- D
- C
- B
- A
- D
- C
- A
- D
- A
- A
- D
- B
- A
- B
- B
- A
- B
- A
- C
- D
- A
- A
- B
- C
- A
- D
- A
- C
- D
- B
- C
- D
- B
- A
- D
- D
- A
- C
- B
- B
- A
- D
- A
- D
- C
- D
- D
- C
- D
- D
- C
- A
- A
- C
- D
- C
- A
- C
- C
- B
- D
- D
- A
- B
- A
- B
- D
- D
- C
- C
- A
- B
- A
- A
- B
- D
- A
- A
- D
- B
- C
- D
- B
- A
- A
- B
- D
- C
- D
- C
- D
- A
- B
- D
- A
- B
- B
- C
- C
- A
- D
- D
- A
- D
- C
- plasma
- tissue fluid; interstitial fluid
124A. plasma
124B. filtration
- filtration
- lymph
127A. plasma
127B. tissue fluid
127C. lymph
- left subclavian
- thoracic duct
- right subclavian
- right lymphatic duct
- lower body
- cisterna chyli
- thoracic duct
- right lymphatic duct
- valves
- smooth muscle
- skeletal muscle pump
- respiratory pump
- activation
- lymphatic tissue; spleen; lymph nodes
142A. lymph vessels
142B. lymph
143A. phagocytize pathogens
143B. antibodies
144A. macrophages
144B. plasma cells
- axillary
- inguinal
- cervical
148A. neck
148B. head
149A. epithelium
149B. mucous membranes
- natural openings
151A. left
151B. stomach
152A. macrophages
152B. plasma cells
- lymph node
154A. liver
154B. lymph nodes
155A. red blood cells
155B. platelets
156A. bilirubin
156B. hemoglobin
157A. bilirubin
157B. liver
- RBCs
- thymus gland
- T cells
161A. thyroid gland
161B. sternum
- decreases
- self
- antibodies
165A. viruses
165B. fungi; protozoa; tumor cells
- adaptive
- innate
- adaptive
- innate
- adaptive
- innate
- stratum corneum; epidermis
- epidermis
- Langerhans cells
- subcutaneous tissue
- lysozyme
177A. HCl
177B. stomach
- ciliated epithelium
179A. macrophages
179B. Langerhans cells
180A. macrophages
180B. neutrophils
- natural killer cells
182A. basophils
182B. mast cells
183A. histamine
183B. leukotrienes
- vasodilation
- interferon
- viruses
- complement
188A. pathogens
188B. tissue repair
189A. swelling
189B. heat
190A. phagocytosis
190B. histamine
191A. damage of any kind
191B. innate
192A. macrophages
192B. helper T cells
- recognize foreign antigens
- macrophages
- cell-mediated immunity
- opsonization
197A. opsonization
197B. phagocytosis
- cytotoxic
- chemicals
- memory
- helper
- helper
- cell-mediated
204A. red bone marrow
204B. thymus
- red bone marrow
- plasma cells
207A. B cells
207B. antibodies
- memory
- antigen–antibody complex
- lysis; rupturing them
211A. macrophages
211B. phagocytosis
- agglutination
213A. protein
213B. Y
- neutralization
- shape
216A. phagocytized
216B. macrophage
217A. slow
217B. small
218A. antibodies
218B. memory cells
- too slowly
220A. rapid
220B. large
221A. killed pathogen
221B. part of a pathogen; weakened pathogen; toxoid
222A. antibodies
222B. memory cells
- first exposure
- genetic
225A. naturally
225B. active
226A. artificially
226B. active
227A. naturally
227B. passive
228A. artificially
228B. passive
- recovers from a disease
- receives a vaccine
- placental transmission of antibodies; breast milk
- an injection of gamma globulins
- someone else
- the person’s own plasma cells
235A. active
235B. passive