Description
Evolutionary Analysis 5th Edition Herron Freeman Test Bank
ISBN-13: 978-0321616678
ISBN-10: 0321616677
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Below you will find some free nursing test bank questions from this test bank:
Evolutionary Analysis, 5e (Herron/Freeman)
Chapter 18 Evolution and the Fossil Record
1) The study of the fossilization process itself is called ________.
A) sequence stratigraphy
B) permineralization
C) functional morphology
D) stratigraphic correlation
E) taphonomy
Answer: E
Section: 18.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
2) The expression “pull of the recent” refers to the fact that ________.
A) younger fossils are more important for the study of evolution than older fossils
B) older rocks are more likely to be volcanic rocks with no fossils
C) younger rocks are more likely to be covered up or otherwise inaccessible
D) the quality of the fossil record gets worse the farther back in time you look
E) younger fossils are more likely to be preserved permineralization
Answer: D
Section: 18.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
3) The past 542 million years is collectively known as the ________ eon.
A) Phanerozoic
B) Cenozoic
C) Archaean
D) Paleozoic
E) Cambrian
Answer: A
Section: 18.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
4) Species of fossil organisms are morphospecies, which means they are defined on the basis of
________.
A) DNA sequence similarities
B) mate recognition behaviors
C) anatomical features
D) ability to interbreed
E) the locations where they are found
Answer: C
Section: 18.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
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5) The famous Cambrian-era fossil deposit known as the Burgess Shale is now estimated to
contain fossils of how many animal phyla?
A) None―animals had not appeared at the time.
B) just two or three anatomically simple animal phyla
C) about the same number as those alive today
D) two or three times as many as alive today
E) about half as many as are alive today
Answer: C
Section: 18.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
6) Which of these is a niche that Cambrian animals occupied―that, as far as we know, their
predecessors did not?
A) grazing on microbial mats
B) feeding on organic debris
C) absorbing nutrients across membranes
D) predation while actively swimming
E) None of the above.
Answer: D
Section: 18.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
7) Imagine that you find a fossil skeleton of a Late Devonian vertebrate. Which feature would
enable you to conclude that it was fully a tetrapod?
A) a flattened skull with dorsally facing orbits
B) the loss of skeletal support for any gills
C) the loss of dorsal and anal fins
D) well-developed joints between vertebrae, and between vertebrae and the pelvis
E) lungs to enable breathing of atmospheric oxygen
Answer: D
Section: 18.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
8) An example of a plesiomorphy in the earliest fossil birds would include ________.
A) three clawed fingers on each hand
B) a long, bony tail
C) teeth
D) down-like feathers
E) All of the above.
Answer: E
Section: 18.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
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9) Why is it inaccurate to refer to early synapsids as “mammal-like reptiles”?
A) Mammals did not evolve from synapsids.
B) Synapsids do not nest within the clade Reptilia as we define it now.
C) The taxon Synapsida is actually polyphyletic.
D) The earliest synapsids had no features that we associate with reptiles today.
E) Synapsids and reptiles lived on different continents in the late Paleozoic.
Answer: B
Section: 18.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
10) Which well-known paleontologist created a global database of marine animal families to
study changes in diversity through time?
A) Charles D. Walcott
B) Jere H. Lipps
C) David Raup
D) Michael Foote
E) Jack Sepkoski
Answer: E
Section: 18.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
11) Which of the following is NOT one of the “Big Five” mass extinctions?
A) End-Permian (251 Ma)
B) End-Triassic (200 Ma)
C) Late Devonian (about 360 Ma)
D) Eocene-Oligocene (33.9 Ma)
E) Terminal Ordovician (444 Ma)
Answer: D
Section: 18.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
12) Which of the following is NOT key evidence for a large meteorite impact striking the Earth
approximately 65 million years ago?
A) tiny particles of glass called microtektites
B) “shocked quartz” grains, with fine parallel planes caused a burst of intense pressure
C) the disappearance of many taxa of large reptiles beginning about 70 million years ago
D) a worldwide layer of sediments highly enriched in the element iridium
E) gravity anomalies that allow us to map the now-buried meteorite crater
Answer: C
Section: 18.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
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13) Which of the following was NOT a likely consequence of the Chicxulub meteorite impact
65.5 million years ago?
A) eruption of massive volcanoes in India, forming deposits known as the Deccan Traps
B) intense acid rain from sulfuric acid forming in the atmosphere
C) global cooling caused sulfur dioxide and airborne dust blocking solar radiation
D) a massive tsunami in the Gulf of Mexico
E) earthquakes of huge magnitude
Answer: A
Section: 18.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
14) David Jablonski and colleagues found that species of bivalves with which of the following
trait(s) persisted longer, and were less likely to die out, during times of background extinction?
A) epifaunal, suspension-feeding lifestyle
B) wider geographic ranges
C) planktonic larval stages
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.
Answer: D
Section: 18.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
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15) The accompanying figure shows the results of Jackson and Cheetham’s studies on fossil and
living cheilostome bryozoans. What can you infer from these diagrams?
A) Species of bryozoan have tended to persist with very little morphological change.
B) Bryozoans have unusually low genetic diversity.
C) Bryozoans predominantly evolve phyletic transformation, or anagenesis.
D) Bryozoans have suffered heavily from extinction events on islands.
E) It is hard to define bryozoan species because of the presence of so many intermediate forms.
Answer: A
Section: 18.5
Skill: Application/Analysis
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16) The accompanying figure shows the results of comparative analyses of two clades: the
horseshoe crabs, and the king crabs and hermit crabs. What can you conclude from these
diagram?
A) Horseshoe crabs have been on the Earth for an unusually long time.
B) King crabs appeared in the fossil record before horseshoe crabs did.
C) Hermit crabs are much older than their fossil record reveals.
D) Horseshoe crabs are as genetically divergent as king and hermit crabs, despite being far less
morphologically diverse.
E) Horseshoe crabs have not been subjected to significant stabilizing selection.
Answer: D
Section: 18.5
Skill: Application/Analysis
17) Rock layers right at the K-Pg boundary have enriched concentrations of the element iridium.
This is significant for understanding the mass extinction that happened at the time, because
________.
A) iridium is toxic to life and could have killed off many species
B) iridium is very rare in the Earth’s crust but relatively common in meteorites
C) iridium forms under conditions of extreme shock and heat
D) iridium would have caused an episode of severe acid rain
E) iridium-rich dust is particularly effective at blocking incoming solar radiation
Answer: B
Section: 18.4
Skill: Application/Analysis
18) The range of shapes found among members of a taxon may be thought of as a
multidimensional space called a(n) ________.
Answer: morphospace
Section: 18.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
19) The ________ [two words] is a well-known set of soft-bodied organisms living just before
the Cambrian period, which probably includes at least simple animals and early bilaterians.
Answer: Ediacara biota
Section: 18.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
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20) The relatively rapid appearance of animal phyla in the Cambrian period is correlated with a
rise in ________ at the same time.
Answer: oxygen
Section: 18.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
21) Stephen J. Gould and Niles Eldredge proposed that most morphological change happens at
speciation events, and that most species show stasis (little or no morphological change) during
most of their existence. This is the theory of ________. [two words]
Answer: punctuated equilibrium
Section: 18.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
22) The term ________ is often used for large-scale evolutionary change in general, but also
more precisely for processes operating above the species level.
Answer: macroevolution
Section: 18.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
23) Another common term for morphological diversity―that is, for the range of different shapes
and physical features found in a taxon―is ________.
Answer: disparity
Section: 18.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
24) Hawaiian fruit flies descend from a single common ancestor that reached the islands and
rapidly diversified into a wide range of ecological niches. This is a good example of ________.
[two words]
Answer: adaptive radiation
Section: 18.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
25) An exceptionally rich fossil deposit is known as a(n) ________.
Answer: Lagerstätte
Section: 18.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
26) Comparing DNA sequences from living taxa and calibrating their rates of change with at
least one well-dated fossil allows scientists to create time-calibrated trees with minimum and
maximum age estimates for all branch points. Such studies are called ________ [two words]
studies.
Answer: molecular clock
Section: 18.6
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
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27) Trace fossils record the behavior of ancient organisms, but not necessarily their form; it is
often difficult or impossible to link a given trace fossil with the precise species that made it.
Nonetheless, trace fossils provide valuable data for reconstructing the history of life. Your
textbook mentions that dinosaur trackways can be used to estimate living dinosaurs’ speed.
Generate another way in which trace fossils could contribute to paleontological studies even if
the identities of their makers are unclear.
28) Molecular analyses suggest that the major lineages of animals diverged hundreds of millions
of years before their first known appearances in the fossil record. Some scientists propose that
the reason for this discrepancy is that the earliest animals were small and larval-like, leaving no
trace in the fossil record. Generate an alternative hypothesis that explains this discrepancy, and
suggest how the two hypotheses could plausibly be tested.
29) David Raup and Jack Sepkoski showed that rates of background extinction have been slowly
declining in the animal kingdom throughout the Phanerozoic era. Compare and contrast two
possible explanations as to why these rates are declining.
30) We may be living in the middle of the sixth great mass extinction, as human activity directly
and indirectly drives species to extinction. How might the study of past mass extinctions show us
how the current extinction might play out? Can paleontology give us any information that might
help us mitigate the effects of the current extinction?
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