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Half the Human Experience 8^th Edition Hyde Quest Test Bank

ISBN: 1111833826 ISBN-13: 9781111833824

 

 

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

 

CLASS PROJECTS

 

1. Gender Reversal

 

One way of having students discover the content and pervasiveness of nonconscious ideologies of gender roles (Bem & Bem, 1970) is to do a gender reversal exercise.  They should take a story or advertisement from a newspaper or magazine, and reverse the genders–that is, every time it says he, change it to she, if it says Mary, change it to Bob, and so on.  In class they can read the original and changed versions and discuss the nonconscious ideologies that go unnoticed but become blatant when the genders are reversed.  This can be done well with photographs from ads, reversing the positions of men and women to highlight how we are used to seeing the man’s head higher than the woman’s, the man in the position of leadership, and so on.  Some of the historical themes (such as male as normative) discussed in Chapter 1 of the text may also be identified.  We find that it is important to do an exercise such as this early in the course in order to counteract the common misconception among students that gender roles are all equalized now.

 

Reference:

 

Bem, Sandra L., & Bem, D. J.  (1970).  Case study of nonconscious ideology:  Training the woman to know her place.  In D. J. Bem (Ed.), Beliefs, attitudes, and human affairs.  Belmont, CA:  Brooks/Cole.

 

1. Images of Women in Popular Magazines

 

Have students collect several issues each of Woman’s Day, Ms., Cosmopolitan, and Playboy.  Compare and contrast the images of women presented in them.  (If you want to give students some training in doing science, you can show them how to derive categories for content analysis, and then actually do a content analysis, either of photographs or stories.)

 

 

FILMS AND VIDEOS

 

A GENERAL NOTE:  Our approach to films and videos for this course has changed considerably in the last 10 years.  There are many wonderful, thought-provoking special reports on women on TV, and you can tape them and use them for my class.  Some of these special reports are terrible and very antifeminist, but they can be great for analysis by a class, too, to encourage critical thinking.  As a result, we rent fewer videos today.  For this reason, the film and video list here is briefer than it has been before, and we have restricted it, for the most part, to films that video material that is unlikely to appear on TV.

 

A listing of the names, addresses, websites, and phone numbers of the suppliers of the videos listed in these chapters is contained at the end of this manual.

 

Women’s portrayal in advertising can be analyzed for some of the themes discussed in this chapter and for gender-role stereotypes.  Favorites of many instructors are:

 

Killing Us Softly (Cambridge Documentary Films, 1979, 30 min.), a thought-provoking feminist analysis of women’s image in the media.  (See end of manual for complete information on Cambridge and other film distributors.  Cambridge definitely has some of the best videos on women and gender.).

 

Still Killing Us Softly (Cambridge Documentary Films, 1987, 32 min.), an update of the above movie, although I’ve heard many opinions that the original is the better of the two.

 

Killing Us Softly 4 (Media Education Foundation, 2010, 45 min.) is the most recent update in the series.  Media Education Foundation is another one of the best sources of films on women and gender.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. Your text uses the term “gender” to refer to
2. the culturally imposed roles of males and females.
3. males and females.
4.      people who are the candidates for the  sex‑change operation.
5.     sexual behavior.

 

ANS: b

 

2. Your text uses the term “gender” to refer to
3. males and females.
4. qualities of males and females that are created by society.
5. social construction.
6. biological aspects of masculinity and femininity.
7. areas of similarity between males and females.

 

ANS: a

 

3. In discussing psychology of women in terms of gender differences, there is an inherent paradox because
4.      women want to have their cake and eat it too.
5.    women both love men and hate them.
6. women are both different from men and very similar to them.
7.           there is considerable overlap in the  distributions for females and males on most psychological characteristics.

 

ANS: C

 

4. “Gender similarities” refers to
5.      the phenomenon that people are sexually attracted to people who are similar to them in attitudes, personality, and so on.
6.    the fact that there is great within-gender variability.
7.      the similar path of male and female development prenatally.
8. ways in which males and females are similar rather than different.

 

ANS: d

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5. _____________ is the term for ways in which males and females are similar rather than different.
6. Gender similarities
7. Gender differences
8. Sex differences
9. Social constructionism
10.    both b and c

 

ANS: a

 

6. “Discrimination or bias against people based on their gender” is a definition of
7. sexism.
8.     Title IX.
9.      reverse discrimination

 

1. forward discrimination.
2.    sexual harassment.

 

ANS: a

 

7. “Sexism” can be defined as
8.    harassment on the basis of gender.
9. discrimination or bias against people based on their gender.
10.    men’s negative attitudes toward women.
11. women’s negative attitudes toward men.
12.    both c and d

 

ANS: b

 

8. Today, old-fashioned sexism has been replaced by more covert or subtle prejudiced beliefs about women, termed
9. hostile sexism.
10. benevolent sexism.
11. modern sexism.
12. ambivalent sexism.
13. feminism.

 

ANS: c

 

9. Neosexism refers to
10.    covert or subtle prejudiced beliefs about women
11. sexism that is part of the neo-Nazi movement
12.    the kind of sexism that was prevalent in the 1950s
13. the kind of sexism that was prevalent in the 1990s but has largely disappeared today.
14.    both a and d

 

ANS: a

10. In a study of experiences with sexism among adolescent girls,
11. The results indicated that experiences of sexism are rare today.
12. Substantial numbers had been discouraged in math, science, or computers by teachers or boys.
13. Girls were more likely to receive discouraging messages from boys than from teachers.
14. Both b and c
15.    None of the above

 

ANS: d       NOT: New

 

11. In a study of adolescent girls’ experiences with sexism,
12. 23% had been discouraged in math, science, or computers by teachers and 32% had been discouraged by boys in these areas.
13. the results indicated that experiences of sexism are rare today.
14. 80% had been discouraged by teachers in math, science, or computers.
15. the girls reported being totally demoralized by experiences with sexism.
16. both c and d

 

ANS: a           NOT: New

 

12. Negative, hostile attitudes toward women and adversarial beliefs about gender relations is termed
13.    neosexism.
14.    hostile sexism.
15.    benevolent sexism.
16. feminism.
17.    both a and b

 

ANS: b

 

13. Modern sexism involves which of the following?

 

1.    a denial that there is continuing discrimination against women.
2. antagonistic feelings about women’s “demands.”
3.    resentment about perceived special favors granted to women.
4. all of the above
5.    b and c only.

 

ANS: d

14. _________ is the term for beliefs in which women should be honored and put on a pedestal and viewed as pure beings who should be protected.
15.    benevolent sexism
16. hostile sexism
17.    neosexism
18. feminism
19.    none of the above

 

ANS: a

15. Your text defines “feminist” as
16.      a person who wants more power for women.
17.    a person who dislikes men.
18.      a person who conforms to the traditional role for women.
19. a person who favors political, economic, and social equality of women and men, and therefore favors the legal and social changes that will be necessary to achieve that equality.

 

ANS: d

 

16. Your text defines “feminist” as
17.    an obsolete concept from the 1970s.
18. a person who conforms to the traditional role for women.
19.    a person who favors political, economic, and social equality of women and men, and therefore favors the legal and social changes necessary to achieve equality.
20. pro-choice activists.
21.    a person who favors more rights for women than for men.

 

 

ANS: c

 

17. Studies of bias in the design of psychological research indicate that
18. males are disproportionately represented as participants.
19.           females are disproportionately represented as participants, reflecting a fascination with the “mysteriousness” of women.
20.             a disproportionate amount of research has been done on disturbed women.

 

1.    the designs are disproportionately Freudian, causing a bias against women.
2.      both a and d.

 

ANS: a

 

18. A definition of “psychological measurement” is
19. the process of assigning numbers to characteristics of people.
20.    quantitative research.
21.      qualitative research.
22.    designing an experiment with an independent variable.
23.      both b and d.

 

ANS: a

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

19. Imagine that a mathematics problem on the ACT (a college admissions test) asks the following: Assume that Lebron James is 6’8″ tall, and that his arm, to the tip of his fingers, extends 1’5″ beyond the top of his head.  How high does Shaq have to jump to touch the rim of a basketball hoop? Such a question would be an example of
20.      test manufacturers’ attempts to add people of color to the questions.
21. sex bias in measurement, because the question assumes that the test taker knows the height of a basketball hoop.
22.      race bias in measurement.
23.    a question designed to capture the interest of students and thereby motivate them to perform better.

 

ANS: b

 

20. A research error in which the results are said to apply to a broader group than the one sampled is called
21.      sampling bias.
22.    probability sampling.
23.      observer effect.
24. overgeneralization.
25. overbroad error.

 

ANS: d

 

 

21. “Overgeneralization” refers to
22. A research error in which the results are said to apply to a broader group than the one sampled.
23.    a problem with imprecise psychological measurement.
24.      a particular kind of observer effect.
25.    a tendency to stereotype.

 

ANS: a

 

22. In 1990 Congress passed the Women’s Health Equity Act which mandates, among other things, that
23. women must receive the same health insurance as men.
24. the federal government would pay for mammograms.
25. women must be included in clinical trials.
26. the federal government would pay for birth control pills.
27.    Both b and d

 

ANS: c

 

 

 

 

 

 

23. A study that compares two groups — males and females — on aggressive behavior is an example of a(n)
24.      experimental design.
25. quasi-experimental design.
26.      case history.
27.    correlational study.
28.      laboratory study.

 

ANS: b

 

24. Feminist scholars advocate which approach for overcoming problems of bias in theoretical models and stereotyped research questions?
25.      perform better-controlled experiments.
26. go to the community of people to be studied and ask them what the significant questions are.
27.      ask feminists what the important questions are.
28.    rely more on social learning theory, which is not sex biased.
29.      both b and d

 

ANS: b

 

 

25. Psychologists’ over-reliance on college-student samples creates results that are characteristic of
26.      whites, not other ethnic groups.
27.    middle-class persons, not the poor.
28.      people between 18 and 22 years of age, not other ages.
29. all of the above
30.      a and c only

 

ANS: d

 

26. There is a bias for scientists to publish significant results and to ignore non‑significant results. This might result in
27.             neglect of gender‑role research.
28.            overemphasis on gender differences.
29.      observer effects.
30.    all of the above
31.      b and c only

 

ANS: b

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

27. A male psychologist is interested in finding out whether there are gender differences in the personality characteristic “extaception.” He administers a paper‑and‑pencil test of extaception to a group of male and female students and then checks statistically to find out whether there are gender differences.  Which one of the following biases is likely to be present in that research?
28.             experimenter effects.
29.    observer effects.
30.      biased theoretical model.
31.           all of the above
32. none of the above

 

ANS: a

 

28. A researcher on gender differences finds that females estimate that they will get fewer points on a test than males estimate they will get. The researcher concludes that this indicates that women are lacking in self‑confidence.  This is an example of
29.             bias in choice of participants.
30.           experimenter effects.

 

1.      biased interpretation of results.
2.    publication bias.

 

ANS: c

 

29. An interpretation of research results in which women’s behavior is seen as deficient is an example of
30. a female deficit model.
31.    a psychoanalytic interpretation.
32.      gynocentrism.
33.    gynodeficiency.
34.      interpreter effect.

 

ANS: a

 

30. A researcher finds that women interrupt men fewer times than men interrupt women in mixed-gender groups. The researcher concludes that this indicates that women lack assertiveness.  This is an example of
31.      an unbiased interpretation.
32. a female deficit interpretation.
33.      feminist methods.
34.    researcher effects.
35. both a and d

 

ANS: b

 

 

 

 

31. A Freudian researcher sets out to collect data to document the existence of penis envy in women. This is an example of
32.             a biased theoretical model.
33.    experimenter effects.
34.             publishing significant results only.
35.            both a and b

 

ANS: a

32. It has been shown that the researcher’s gender may affect the outcome of research. This is an example of
33.             biased theoretical models.
34.    biased interpretation of results.
35.      an experimenter effect.
36.    an observer effect.
37.             all of the above

 

ANS: c

 

 

33. If a researcher expects to get gender differences in a study in which observations of preschool children’s aggression are made, the researcher tends to find gender differences. This is an example of
34.             Freudian bias.
35.    observer effects.
36.             publication bias.
37.    bias in choice of participants.

 

ANS: b

 

34. Traditional psychologists view research as objective and value-free, whereas feminist psychologists view research as
35.      a waste of time.
36.    of little interest to women, who should rely more on intuition than science.
37. an interaction between a researcher and participant that is shaped by cultural context.
38.    none of the above.  Feminists agree with traditional psychologists that research is objective and value-free.

 

ANS: c

 

35. Which of the following is not a principle of gender‑fair research?
36.      Both male and female researchers should collect data.
37.    Single‑gender research should almost never be done.
38.      Interpretations of data should be examined for gender‑fairness.
39.    More research using women only as participants should be done.

 

ANS: d

36. Which of these approaches would be favored by a feminist researcher?
37.      Call the people who provide data “participants,” not “subjects.”
38.    Do not think in simple terms of A causing B, but rather think of complex, interactive relationships in which A and B mutually influence each other.

 

1.      Control the laboratory experiment more tightly to avoid bias.
2.    all of the above
3.      a and b only

 

ANS: e

 

37. Feminist research psychologists are critical of traditional psychology’s
38.      insistence on naturalistic research.
39. assumption that psychological research is objective and value-free.
40.      reliance on all-female samples.
41.    over-emphasis on the importance of race and ethnicity.

 

ANS: b

 

38. “Feminist research” may be defined as
39.      research done by feminists.
40.    objective and value-free.
41. research growing out of feminist theory, which seeks radical reform of traditional research methods.
42.    impossible, because research must be objective, and feminism introduces a bias.
43.      an oxymoron.

 

ANS: c

 

39. A feminist researcher would advocate use of which of the following methods?
40. focus groups
41. laboratory experiments
42. qualitative methods
43. quantitative methods
44. both a and c.

 

ANS: e

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

40. Research on trends in published articles in psychology journals indicates that
41.    In 1965-74 women were underrepresented as participants, but by 1995-2004 there was fairly equal representation.

 

1990.    the number of first authors who are women increased from 1970 to 1990.
1991.      the number of experiments declined and the number of naturalistic studies increased from 1965-74 to 1995-2004.
1992.    all of the above
1993. a and b only

 

ANS: a           NOT: New

 

41. Approximately       percent of American women are Black and       percent are Latina.
42. 20; 19
43. 25; 30
44. 12.6; 12
45. 13; 15
46. 3; 2.5

 

ANS: d           NOT: New

 

42. Approximately  percent of American women are White (not Hispanic) and approximately       percent are Black.
43. 90; 10
44.   65; 13
45.   50; 25
46.   51; 20
47.    49; 25

 

ANS: b           NOT: New

 

43. Approximately  percent of American women are Black and approximately       percent are Asian American.
44. 25; 1
45. 25; 10
46. 13; 12
47. 15; 10
48. 13; 5

 

ANS: e           NOT: New

 

 

 

 

 

 

44. Approximately ___ percent of American women are biracial or multi-racial.
45. 1
46. 10
47.    20
48. 27
49. 35

 

ANS: a           NOT: New

 

45.    Among CEOs of Fortune 500 companies,       percent are women.
46. 0
47. 1
48.    3
49. 15

 

1. 37

 

ANS: c           NOT: New

 

46. For babies born in 2003, the life expectancy is approximately       for women and       for men.
47.    89; 85
48. 80; 75
49.    79; 78
50.   70; 69
51.    82; 65

 

ANS: b

 

47. In regard to education in the U. S. today,
48.    women surpass men in high school graduation, but still lag behind in college graduation
49. women in the North surpass men in college graduation rates, but women in the South lag behind men.
50.    women equal or surpass men in earning college degrees.
51. college graduation rates for women are declining as they put increased emphasis on marriage and motherhood.

 

ANS: c

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

48. In 2010 women were ____ of the 100 members of the U. S. Senate.
49.    1
50. 5
51. 17
52. 33
53.    45

 

ANS: c           NOT: New

 

49. Eve, in the Biblical story of Adam and Eve, is an example of a recurring historical theme,
50. feminine evil.
51.    the virgin.
52.      the madonna.
53.    polyandry.

 

1.      situational determinants of behavior.

 

ANS: a

 

50. In the creation story, Adam is created first and Eve is created second. This is an example of a recurring historical theme,
51.      primacy.
52.    primogenitor.
53. androcentrism
54.    feminine evil.
55.      situational determinants of behavior.

 

ANS: c           NOT: New

 

51. “Androcentrism” means
52. male-centered.
53.    a combination of masculine and feminine characteristics in an individual.
54.      human-centered.
55.    woman-centered.
56.      both b and c.

 

ANS: a

 

52. The term for male-centeredness is
53.      gynocentrism.
54.    homocentrism.
55.      androcentrism.
56.           sexism.
57.      patriarchy.

 

ANS: c

53. Maud Merrill
54.      is a well‑known feminist researcher.
55.    is a feminist trying to revise psychoanalytic theory.
56.      worked with Lewis Terman in producing the famous Stanford‑Binet intelligence test.
57.    did the famous research on the authoritarian personality.
58. both a and d

 

ANS: c

 

54. Who did the research on Black children that was critical in the United States Supreme Court decision to integrate the nation’s schools (Brown v. Board of Education)?

 

1.      Mamie Phipps Clark
2.    Ruth Guthrie Brown
3.      Barbel Inhelder
4.    Barbara F. Skinner
5. Claude Steele

 

ANS: a

 

MATCHING

 

For each researcher on the left, find the correct area of her research from the list on the right.

 

1. Barbel Inhelder     a.   research on Black children that was critical in the Supreme Court
2. Mamie Phipps Clark   decision to desegregate the schools
3. Margaret Harlow   b.   co-producer of the Stanford-Binet IQ test
4. Maud Merrill   c.   Piaget’s collaborator
5. “Learning to Love” in monkeys
6. authoritarian personality

 

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1. The American Psychological Association ignores the psychology of women.

 

ANS: F

 

2. The classic research on achievement motivation was done with male participants only.

 

ANS: T

 

 

 

 

3. Among Americans between the ages of 25 and 34, more women than men have graduated from college.

 

ANS: T

 

RESEARCH EXAMPLE

 

Dr. John Strong conducts a study of gender differences in weight‑lifting ability.  He uses a sample of 50 male and 50 female college students, has them press weights, and finds the highest number of pounds each participant can press.  He does a statistical analysis of the data and finds that the males can press significantly higher weights than the females.  He publishes the results, interpreting them as being due to the greater musculature of men, which results from sex hormones.

 

Answer the following items True or False, from the perspective of sex bias in psychological research.

 

 

1. Experimenter effects may be a source of bias.

 

ANS: T

 

2. Observer effects may be a source of bias.

ANS: F

 

3. The research is biased in the choice of gender of participants.

 

ANS: F

 

4. The sample size is far too small to be able to conclude anything.

 

ANS: F

 

5. The published results are biased because Dr. Strong has ignored the gender similarities in his data.

ANS: F

 

6. The interpretation of the results is biased because of Dr. Strong’s assumption that they are a result of biological factors.

 

ANS: T

 

SHORT ANSWER

 

1. Define sexism.
2. Define feminist.
3. List 3 important principles of gender‑fair research.

 

 

COMPLETION

 

1. The term for covert or subtle prejudiced beliefs about women found in the U. S. today is _____________. [modern sexism or neosexism]

 

2. Researchers say that old-fashioned sexism has today been replaced by ___________ . [modern sexism or neosexism]

 

3. _________________ is the term for negative, hostile attitudes toward women and adversarial beliefs about relations. [hostile sexism]

 

4. _________________ is the term for stereotyped beliefs about women that seem to be kind or benevolent, in which women are seen as pure beings who should be protect.    [benevolent sexism]

 

5. In order to study gender differences in aggression, researchers count the number of aggressive acts in a one-hour period in a preschool classroom.  A feminist researcher would be concerned that the researchers’ gender stereotypes would influence the data they collect.  This is a concern about          effects biasing the research.  [observer]

 

6.             effects occur when the researcher’s expectations for the outcome of the research influence his or her observations and recording of the data.   [Observer]

 

7.             effects occur when some characteristic of the experimenter, such as gender, affects the way respondents behave.     [Experimenter]

 

8. The Adam and Eve story is an example of a               theme.  [feminine evil]

 

 

9. The term for male-centeredness is                  . [androcentrism]

 

10. Approximately       percent of American women are Black and        percent are Latina.   [13; 15]

 

NOT: New

 

11. For babies born in 2003, the life expectancy is approximately       for women and       for men. [80.4; 74.6]

 

ESSAY

 

1. Re-do the feminist analysis of bias in psychological research, this time in regard to race/ethnicity bias.  That is, rather than focusing on gender bias, examine race bias.  What is the process of psychological research and where might race bias enter?  Then suggest two specific solutions to these problems.  That is, what specific steps could be taken to eliminate or reduce race bias in research?

 

2. Dr. Philip Schumacher is interested in investigating the effects of mothers working outside the home on their children.  For his sample, he gets all first graders in one elementary school.  He divides them into 3 groups, depending on whether their mothers are home full‑time, have part‑time jobs, or work full time outside the home.  He then compares the three groups on their IQ scores and on a measure of adjustment.  He finds no significant differences among the three groups in IQ, but he does find that the children of full‑time working mothers score significantly lower than the other two groups on the measure of adjustment.  He concludes that mothers’ full‑time employment does indeed have negative effects on their children.

 

 

1. Do a feminist analysis of gender bias in this research.
2. Revise the research to meet the standards of gender fair research.

 

 

 

 

Half the Human Experience 8^th Edition Hyde Quest Test Bank

ISBN: 1111833826 ISBN-13: 9781111833824