Description

Horngrens Financial and Managerial Accounting 5^th Edition Mattison Matsumura Test Bank

ISBN-13: 978-0133866292

ISBN-10: 0133866297

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Horngren’s Financial and Managerial Accounting, 5e (Miller-Nobles)

Chapter 20 Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis

Learning Objective 20-1

1) Total variable costs change in direct proportion to changes in the volume of production.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-1

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Variable Costs

2) Variable cost per unit is constant throughout various relevant ranges.

Answer: FALSE

Diff: 2

LO: 20-1

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Variable Costs

3) If the volume of activity doubles in the relevant range, total variable costs will also double.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-1

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Variable Costs

4) Which of the following is a variable cost?

A) property taxes
B) salary of plant manager
C) direct materials cost
D) straight-line depreciation expense

Answer: C

Diff: 1

LO: 20-1

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Variable Costs

5) Which of the following costs change in total in direct proportion to a change in volume?

A) fixed costs
B) variable costs
C) mixed costs
D) period costs

Answer: B

Diff: 1

LO: 20-1

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Variable Costs

6) North Shore Clothing Company provided the following manufacturing costs for the month of June.

Direct labor cost	$138,000
Direct materials cost	85,000
Equipment depreciation (straight-line)	24,000
Factory insurance	19,000
Factory manager’s salary	11,000
Janitor’s salary	3,000
Packaging costs	19,200
Property taxes	14,000

From the above information, calculate North Shore’s total variable costs.

A) $313,200
B) $71,000
C) $242,200
D) $223,000

Answer: C

Explanation: C)

Direct materials cost $85,000

Direct labor cost 138,000

Packaging costs 19,200

Total variable costs $242,200

Diff: 2

LO: 20-1

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Variable Costs

7) Fixed costs per unit is inversely proportional to the volume of units produced.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-1

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Fixed Costs

8) Fixed costs per unit decrease as production levels decrease.

Answer: FALSE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-1

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Fixed Costs

9) Fixed cost per unit is assumed to be constant within a particular relevant range of activity.

Answer: FALSE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-1

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Fixed Costs

10) The fixed costs per unit will ________.

A) increase as production decreases
B) decrease as production decreases
C) remain the same as production levels change
D) increase as production increases

Answer: A

Diff: 2

LO: 20-1

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Fixed Costs

11) Which of the following costs does not change in total despite changes in volume within the relevant range?

A) fixed costs
B) variable costs
C) mixed costs
D) total production costs

Answer: A

Diff: 1

LO: 20-1

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Fixed Costs

12) First Buy Television Antenna Company provided the following manufacturing costs for the month of June.

Direct labor cost	$132,000
Direct materials cost	84,000
Equipment depreciation (straight-line)	24,000
Factory insurance	10,000
Factory manager’s salary	10,200
Janitor’s salary	4,000
Packaging costs	18,600
Property taxes	16,000

From the above information, calculate First Buy’s total fixed costs.

A) $298,800
B) $40,200
C) $60,200
D) $64,200

Answer: D

Explanation: D)

Janitor’s salary $4,000

Property taxes 16,000

Equipment depreciation (straight-line) 24,000

Factory insurance 10,000

Factory manager’s salary 10,200

Total fixed costs $64,200

Diff: 2

LO: 20-1

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Fixed Costs

13) During the current year, Simpson, Inc. incurred $9,000 in fixed costs and $13,000 in variable costs. If the number of units produced is halved next year, the company will incur $4,500 as fixed costs and $6,500 as variable costs.

Answer: FALSE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-1

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Mixed Costs

14) Within the relevant range, the total fixed costs and the variable cost per unit remain the same.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-1

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Mixed Costs

15) Total fixed costs can change from one relevant range to another.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-1

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Mixed Costs

16) The high-low method requires the identification of the lowest and highest levels of total costs, not activity, over a period of time.

Answer: FALSE

Diff: 2

LO: 20-1

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Mixed Costs

17) A 15% increase in production volume will result in a ________.

A) 15% increase in the variable cost per unit
B) 15% increase in total mixed costs
C) 15% increase in total administration costs
D) 15% increase in total variable costs

Answer: D

Diff: 1

LO: 20-1

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Mixed Costs

18) Variable cost per unit, within the relevant range, will ________.

A) increase as production decreases
B) decrease as production decreases
C) remain the same as production levels change
D) decrease as production increases

Answer: C

Diff: 1

LO: 20-1

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Mixed Costs

19) Which of the following statements is true of the behavior of total variable costs, within the relevant range?

A) They will decrease as production increases.
B) They will remain the same as production levels change.
C) They will decrease as production decreases.
D) They will increase as production decreases.

Answer: C

Diff: 1

LO: 20-1

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Mixed Costs

20) Which of the following statements is true of the behavior of total fixed costs, within the relevant range?

A) They will remain the same as production levels change.
B) They will increase as production decreases.
C) They will decrease as production decreases.
D) They will decrease as production increases.

Answer: A

Diff: 1

LO: 20-1

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Mixed Costs

21) A cellphone service provider charges $5.00 per month and $0.20 per minute per call. If a customer’s current bill is $55, how many minutes did the customer use? (Round any intermediate calculations and your final answer to the nearest whole minute.)

A) 275 minutes
B) 300 minutes
C) 250 minutes
D) 225 minutes

Answer: C

Explanation: C)

Current bill 55

Less monthly charges (5.00)

Call charges (A) 50.00

Charge per minute per call (B) 0.20

Number of minutes used (A) / (B) 250

Diff: 1

LO: 20-1

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Mixed Costs

22) Ron Moss, a manager of Waterworks, Inc., was reviewing the water bills of a dog daycare and spa. He determined that its highest and lowest bills of $3,600 and $2,800 were incurred in the months of May and November, respectively. If 500 dogs were washed in May and 200 dogs were washed in November, what was the variable cost per dog associated with the company’s water bill? (Round your answer to the nearest cent.)

A) $4.00
B) $14.00
C) $7.20
D) $2.67

Answer: D

Explanation: D) Variable cost per unit = Change in total cost / Change in volume of activity

Variable cost per unit = ($3,600 – $2,800) / (500 dogs – 200 dogs) = $800 / 300 dogs

Variable cost per unit = $2.67 per dog

Diff: 1

LO: 20-1

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Mixed Costs

23) Jose Foster, a manager of Prettiest Pooch, Inc., was reviewing the water bills of a dog daycare and spa. He determined that its highest and lowest bills of $3,800 and $2,000 were incurred in the months of May and November, respectively. If 600 dogs were washed in May and 200 dogs were washed in November, what was the fixed cost associated with the company’s water bill? (Round any intermediate calculations to the nearest cent and your final answer to the nearest dollar.)

A) $2,000
B) $3,800
C) $1,100
D) $1,800

Answer: C

Explanation: C) Variable cost per unit = Change in total cost / Change in volume of activity

Variable cost per unit = ($3,800 – $2,000) / (600 dogs – 200 dogs) = $1,800 / 400 dogs

Variable cost per unit = $4.50 per dog

Number of dogs washed in May 600

Variable costs incurred in May ($4.50 per dog × 600 dogs) $2,700.00

Fixed costs incurred in May ($3,800 – $2,700.00) $1,100

Diff: 2

LO: 20-1

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Mixed Costs

24) Costs that have both variable and fixed components are called ________.

A) fixed costs
B) variable costs
C) mixed costs
D) contribution costs

Answer: C

Diff: 1

LO: 20-1

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Mixed Costs

25) Jupiter, Inc. incurred fixed costs of $300,000. Total costs, both fixed and variable, are $500,000 when 59,000 units are produced. It sold 35,000 units during the year. Calculate the variable cost per unit. (Round your answer to the nearest cent.)

A) $8.47
B) $14.29
C) $5.08
D) $3.39

Answer: D

Explanation: D)

Total costs $500,000

Less: fixed costs (300,000)

Variable costs (A) 200,000

Number of units (B) 59,000

Variable cost per unit (A) / (B) $3.39

Diff: 1

LO: 20-1

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Mixed Costs

26) Left Hand, Inc. has fixed costs of $400,000. Total costs, both fixed and variable, are $550,000 when 40,000 units are produced. Calculate the total costs if the volume increases to 64,000 units. (Round any intermediate calculations to the nearest cent, and your final answer to the nearest dollar.)

A) $950,000
B) $150,000
C) $640,000
D) $550,000

Answer: C

Explanation: C)

Total costs $550,000

Less: fixed costs (400,000)

Variable costs (A) $150,000

Number of units (B) 40,000

Variable cost per unit (A) / (B) $3.75

Number of units after increase in production 64,000

Variable costs of production 240,000

Fixed costs 400,000

Total costs after increase in production $640,000

Diff: 2

LO: 20-1

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Mixed Costs

27) Anthony Chemicals, Inc. has fixed costs of $34,000 per month. The highest production volume during the year was in January when 120,000 units were produced, 72,000 units were sold, and total costs of $610,000 were incurred. In June, the company produced only 54,000 units. What was the total cost incurred in June? (Round any intermediate calculations to the nearest cent and your final answer to the nearest dollar.)

A) $259,200
B) $293,200
C) $610,000
D) $644,000

Answer: B

Explanation: B)

Total costs $610,000

Less: fixed costs (34,000)

Variable costs (A) $576,000

Number of units (B) 120,000

Variable cost per unit (A) / (B) $4.80

Number of units produced in June 54,000

Variable costs incurred in June $259,200

Fixed costs 34,000

Total cost in June $293,200

Diff: 3

LO: 20-1

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Mixed Costs

28) The highest value of total cost was $800,000 in June for Mantilla Beverages, Inc. Its lowest value of total cost was $510,000 in December. The company makes a single product. The production volume in June and December were 13,000 and 8,000 units, respectively. What is the fixed cost per month? (Round any intermediate calculations to the nearest cent, and your final answer to the nearest dollar.)

A) $510,000
B) $290,000
C) $46,000
D) $8,000

Answer: C

Explanation: C)

Variable cost per unit = Change in total cost / Change in volume of activity

Variable cost per unit = (Highest cost – Lowest cost) / (Highest volume – Lowest volume)

Change in total cost (A) $290,000

Change in volume of activity (B) 5,000

Variable cost per unit (A / B) $58.00

Total costs for June

Total variable costs for June (58.00 × 13,000) 754,000

Fixed costs for June ($800,000 – 754,000) $46,000

Diff: 2

LO: 20-1

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Mixed Costs

29) The highest value of total cost was $70,000 in June for Fargo Beverages, Inc. Its lowest value of total cost was $52,000 in December. The company makes a single product. The production volume in June and December were 13,000 and 7,000 units, respectively. What is the variable cost per month? (Round your answer to the nearest cent.)

A) $1.38 per unit
B) $2.57 per unit
C) $3.00 per unit
D) $11.67 per unit

Answer: C

Explanation: C) Variable cost per unit = Change in total cost / Change in volume of activity

Variable cost per unit = (Highest cost – Lowest cost) / (Highest volume – Lowest volume)

Variable cost per unit = $3.00 per unit

Diff: 2

LO: 20-1

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Mixed Costs

30) The relevant production range for Orleans Trailers, Inc. is between 130,000 units and 180,000 units per month. If the company produces beyond 180,000 units per month, ________.

A) the fixed costs will remain the same, but the variable cost per unit may change
B) the fixed costs may change, but the variable cost per unit will remain the same
C) the fixed costs and the variable cost per unit will not change
D) both the fixed costs and the variable cost per unit may change

Answer: D

Diff: 2

LO: 20-1

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Mixed Costs

31) The phone bill for a company consists of both fixed and variable costs. Refer to the four-month data below and apply the high-low method to answer the question. (Round any intermediate calculations to the nearest cent, and your final answer to the nearest dollar.)

	Minutes	Total Bill
January	460	$3,000
February	200	$2,675
March	180	$2,630
April	320	$2,840

What is the fixed portion of the total cost?

A) $607
B) $370
C) $2,393
D) $2,630

Answer: C

Explanation: C) Variable cost per unit = Change in total cost / Change in volume of activity

Variable cost per unit = (Highest cost – Lowest cost) / (Highest volume – Lowest volume)

Change in total cost ($3,000 – $2,630) $370

Change in minutes (460 – 180) 280

Variable cost per minute ($370 / 280) $1.32

Variable cost for January = 460 minutes × $1.32 per minute = $607

Total fixed costs = Total mixed cost – Total variable cost

Total fixed costs = $3,000 – $607 = $2,393

Diff: 2

LO: 20-1

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Mixed Costs

32) The phone bill for a company consists of both fixed and variable costs. Refer to the four-month data below and apply the high-low method to answer the question.

	Minutes	Total Bill
January	460	$3,000
February	200	$2,675
March	170	$2,660
April	310	$2,825

What is the variable cost per minute? (Round your answer to the nearest cent.)

A) $1.17
B) $6.52
C) $0.85
D) $0.11

Answer: A

Explanation: A) Variable cost per unit = Change in total cost / Change in volume of activity

Variable cost per unit = (Highest cost – Lowest cost) / (Highest volume – Lowest volume)

Change in total cost ($3,000 – $2,660) $340

Change in minutes (460 – 170) 290

Variable cost per minute ($340 / 290) 1.17

Diff: 2

LO: 20-1

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Mixed Costs

33) The phone bill for a corporation consists of both fixed and variable costs. Refer to the four-month data below and apply the high-low method to answer the question.

	Minutes	Total Bill
January	460	$4,000
February	210	$2,695
March	170	$2,640
April	300	$2,835

If the company uses 390 minutes in May, how much will the total bill be? (Round any intermediate calculations to the nearest cent and your final answer to the nearest dollar.)

A) $1,842.60
B) $1,829.10
C) $3,672
D) $6,157

Answer: C

Explanation: C)

Change in total cost ($4,000 – $2,640) $1,360

Change in minutes (460 – 170) 290

Variable cost per minute ($1,360 / 290) 4.69

Variable cost for January = 460 minutes × $4.69 per minute = $2,157.40

Total fixed costs = Total mixed cost – Total variable cost

Total fixed costs = $4,000 – $2,157.40 = $1,842.60

For 390 minutes:

Total cost = (390 minutes × 4.69) + $1,842.60

Total cost = $1,829.10 + $1,842.60 = $3,672

Diff: 2

LO: 20-1

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Mixed Costs

34) Porterhouse Company incurs both fixed and variable production costs. Assuming that production is within the relevant range, if volume goes up 28%, then the total variable costs would ________.

A) increase 28%
B) remain the same
C) increase an amount less than 28%
D) decrease 28%

Answer: A

Diff: 2

LO: 20-1

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Mixed Costs

35) Prudence Company incurs both fixed and variable production costs. Assuming that production is within the relevant range, if volume goes up 28%, then the total fixed costs would ________.

A) increase 28%
B) remain the same
C) increase an amount less than 28%
D) decrease 28%

Answer: B

Diff: 1

LO: 20-1

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Mixed Costs

36) The high-low method is used to ________.

A) determine the highest price that can be charged for a product
B) separate mixed costs into their variable and fixed components
C) identify the relevant and irrelevant costs of a business
D) determine the sales level at highest capacity

Answer: B

Diff: 2

LO: 20-1

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Mixed Costs

37) Kamal Company incurs both fixed and variable production costs. Assuming that production is within the relevant range, if volume goes up 20%, then the total costs would ________.

A) increase 20%
B) remain the same
C) increase an amount less than 20%
D) decrease 20%

Answer: C

Diff: 2

LO: 20-1

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Mixed Costs

38) Winslow, Inc., a tennis equipment manufacturer, has variable costs of $0.60 per unit of product. In August, the volume of production was 27,000 units, and units sold were 21,800. The total production costs incurred were $30,600. What are the fixed costs per month?

A) $14,400
B) $17,520
C) $3,600
D) $16,200

Answer: A

Explanation: A)

Total production costs incurred in Aug. $30,600

Variable cost per unit $0.60

Number of units produced in Aug. 27,000

Total variable costs incurred in Aug.

($27,000 × 0.60) $16,200

Total fixed costs ($30,600 – $16,200) $14,400

Diff: 1

LO: 20-1

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Mixed Costs

39) Within the relevant range, which of the following costs remains the same irrespective of the changes in production?

A) total mixed costs
B) total operating costs
C) total variable costs
D) total fixed costs

Answer: D

Diff: 1

LO: 20-1

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Mixed Costs

40) When the total variable costs are deducted from total mixed costs, we obtain ________.

A) mixed cost per unit
B) variable cost per unit
C) total high-low costs
D) total fixed costs

Answer: D

Diff: 1

LO: 20-1

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Mixed Costs

41) Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating total mixed cost?

A) Total mixed cost = (Variable cost per unit / Number of units) + Total fixed cost
B) Total mixed cost = (Variable cost per unit × Number of units) – Total fixed cost
C) Total mixed cost = (Variable cost per unit × Number of units) + Total fixed cost
D) Total mixed cost = (Variable cost per unit / Number of units) – Total fixed cost

Answer: C

Diff: 1

LO: 20-1

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Mixed Costs

42) Identify each cost below as variable (V), fixed (F), or mixed (M), relative to units sold. Explain the reason for your answer.

Units Produced and Sold	100	500	1,000
Total electric cost	$1,500	$1,650	$1,700
Supervisor’s monthly salary	$4,500	$4,500	$4,500
Assembly line workers’ per hour wage rate	$30	$30	$30
Total materials cost	$800	$4,000	$8,000
Depreciation on factory equipment	$5,000	$5,000	$5,000
Total delivery costs	$1,400	$1,800	$2,250

Answer:

Units Sold	Is this V, F, or M? Explain your reason.
Total electric cost	This cost has the characteristics of both a fixed cost and a variable cost making it a mixed cost. The total cost changes as volume changes, but not in direct proportion.
Supervisor’s monthly salary	This cost does not change in total over wide ranges of volume making it a fixed cost.
Assembly line workers’ per hour wage rate	This cost does not change per unit over wide ranges of volume making it a fixed cost.
Total materials cost	This cost is directly proportional to the number units produced making it a variable cost. The total cost changes as volume changes and in direct proportion.
Depreciation on factory equipment	This cost does not change in total over wide ranges of volume making it a fixed cost.
Total delivery costs	This cost has the characteristics of both a fixed cost and a variable cost making it a mixed cost. The total cost changes as volume changes, but not in direct proportion.

Diff: 2

LO: 20-1

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Critical thinking

H2: Mixed Costs

Learning Objective 20-2

1) Contribution margin is the difference between net sales revenue and variable costs.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-2

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Contribution Margin

2) Contribution margin is the amount that contributes to covering variable costs.

Answer: FALSE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-2

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Contribution Margin

3) Arturo Company sells two generators—Model A and Model B—for $454 and $396, respectively. The variable cost of Model A is $408 and of Model B is $314. If Arturo Company’s sales incentives reward sales of the goods with the highest contribution margin, the sales force will be motivated to push sales of Model A more aggressively than Model B.

Answer: FALSE

Explanation:

Model A Model B

Sales price $454 $396

Less: variable cost (408) (314)

Contribution margin $46 $82

The contribution margin of Model B ($82) is more than that of Model A ($46). The sales team will be motivated to push sales of Model B more aggressively than Model A.

Diff: 1

LO: 20-2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Critical thinking

H2: Contribution Margin

4) Emara Company sells two generators—Model A and Model B—for $456 and $394, respectively. The variable cost of Model A is $406 and of Model B is $304. The company will generate lower revenues but a higher net income if it sells more of Model B than Model A.

Answer: TRUE

Explanation:

Model A Model B

Sales price $456 $394

Less: variable cost (406) (304)

Contribution margin $50 $90

Diff: 2

LO: 20-2

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Critical thinking

H2: Contribution Margin

5) Pluto Hand Blenders Company sold 3,000 units in October at a sales price of $45 per unit. The variable cost is $25 per unit. Calculate the total contribution margin.

A) $135,000
B) $60,000
C) $75,000
D) $37,500

Answer: B

Explanation: B)

Sales price per unit $45

Less variable cost per unit (25)

Contribution margin per unit (A) $20

Number of units sold (B) 3,000

Total contribution margin (A × B) $60,000

Diff: 1

LO: 20-2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Contribution Margin

6) How is the contribution margin calculated?

Answer: Contribution Margin = Net sales revenue — Variable costs

Diff: 1

LO: 20-2

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Contribution Margin

7) If the sales price of Product X is $24.00 per unit and unit fixed cost is $7.50, its contribution margin per unit is $16.50.

Answer: FALSE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Unit Contribution Margin

8) Young Company has provided the following information:

Sales price per unit	$52
Variable cost per unit	16
Fixed costs per month	$14,000

Calculate the contribution margin per unit.

A) $36.00
B) $52.00
C) $68.00
D) $16.00

Answer: A

Explanation: A) Unit contribution margin = Net sales revenue per unit – Variable costs per unit

Sales price $52

Less: variable cost (16)

Contribution margin $36

Diff: 1

LO: 20-2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Unit Contribution Margin

9) How is the unit contribution margin calculated?

Answer: Unit Contribution Margin = Net sales revenue per unit — Variable costs per unit

Diff: 1

LO: 20-2

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Unit Contribution Margin

10) Contribution margin ratio is the ratio of contribution margin to net income.

Answer: FALSE

Explanation: Contribution margin ratio is the contribution margin to net sales revenue.

Diff: 1

LO: 20-2

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Contribution Margin Ratio

11) Because contribution margin is based on sales price and variable costs, the ratio can be calculated using either the total amounts or the unit amounts.

Answer: TRUE

Explanation: Because contribution margin is based on sales price and variable costs, which do not change per unit, the ratio can be calculated using either the total amounts or the unit amounts.

Diff: 1

LO: 20-2

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Contribution Margin Ratio

12) Contribution margin ratio is the ratio of contribution margin to ________.

A) net sales revenue
B) cost of goods sold
C) total variable costs
D) total fixed costs

Answer: A

Diff: 1

LO: 20-2

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Contribution Margin Ratio

13) Contribution margin ratio is equal to ________.

A) fixed costs divided contribution margin per unit
B) net sales revenue per unit minus variable costs per unit
C) net sales revenue minus variable costs
D) contribution margin divided net sales revenue

Answer: D

Diff: 1

LO: 20-2

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Contribution Margin Ratio

14) Gainesville Company has provided the following information:

Sales price per unit	$56
Variable cost per unit	12
Fixed costs per month	$12,000

Calculate the contribution margin ratio. (Round your answer to two decimal places.)

A) 21.43%
B) 82.35%
C) 64.71%
D) 78.57%

Answer: D

Explanation: D) Contribution margin ratio = Contribution margin / Net sales revenue

Sales price $56

Less: variable cost (12)

Contribution margin $44

Contribution margin ratio = ($44 / $56) × 100 = 78.57%

Diff: 2

LO: 20-2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Contribution Margin Ratio

15) Garcia’s, a company that sells fishing nets, provides the following information about its product:

Targeted operating income	$54,000
Sales price per unit	10.00
Variable cost per unit	1.50
Total fixed costs	120,000

What is the contribution margin ratio? (Round any intermediate calculations and your final answer to two decimal places.)

A) 85.00%
B) 100%
C) 75.00%
D) 15.00%

Answer: A

Explanation: A) Unit contribution margin = Net sales revenue per unit – Variable costs per unit

Net sales revenue per unit $10.00

Less: Variable costs per unit (1.50)

Unit contribution margin $8.50

Contribution margin ratio = Contribution margin / Net sales revenue

Unit contribution margin $8.50

Divided net sales revenue per unit 10.00

Contribution margin ratio 85.00%

Diff: 2

LO: 20-2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Contribution Margin Ratio

16) The Perfect Fit Company sells hand sewn shirts at $58.00 per shirt. It incurs monthly fixed costs of $8,000. The contribution margin ratio is calculated to be 30%. What is the variable cost per shirt? (Round any intermediate calculations and your final answer to two decimal places.)

A) $40.60 per shirt
B) $75.40 per shirt
C) $58.00 per shirt
D) $17.40 per shirt

Answer: A

Explanation: A)

Contribution margin ratio 30%

Sales price per shirt $58.00

Contribution margin = $58.00 × 30% 17.40

Variable cost per shirt $40.60

Diff: 2

LO: 20-2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Contribution Margin Ratio

17) Which of the following formulas is the right formula for calculating contribution margin ratio?

A) Contribution margin ratio = Contribution margin + Net sales revenue
B) Contribution margin ratio = Contribution margin / Net sales revenue
C) Contribution margin ratio = Contribution margin × Net sales revenue
D) Contribution margin ratio = Contribution margin – Net sales revenue

Answer: B

Diff: 1

LO: 20-2

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Contribution Margin Ratio

18) How is the contribution margin ratio calculated?

Answer: Contribution Margin Ratio = Contribution margin + Net sales revenue

Diff: 1

LO: 20-2

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Contribution Margin Ratio

19) A contribution margin income statement classifies costs function; that is, costs are classified as either product costs or period costs.

Answer: FALSE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-2

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Contribution Margin Income Statement

20) Contribution margin is the amount that contributes to covering the fixed costs and then to providing operating income.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-2

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Contribution Margin Income Statement

21) The dollar amount that provides for covering fixed costs and then provides for operating income is called ________.

A) variable cost
B) total cost
C) contribution margin
D) margin of safety

Answer: C

Diff: 1

LO: 20-2

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Contribution Margin Income Statement

22) Which of the following is a period cost?

A) manufacturing overhead
B) direct labor cost
C) direct materials cost
D) administrative cost

Answer: D

Diff: 1

LO: 20-2

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Contribution Margin Income Statement

23) A ________ groups cost behavior; costs are classified as either variable costs or fixed costs.

A) balance sheet
B) contribution margin income statement
C) traditional income statement
D) absorption costing income statement

Answer: B

Diff: 1

LO: 20-2

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Contribution Margin Income Statement

24) Which of the following appears as a line item in a contribution margin income statement?

A) Gross profit
B) Total cost of goods sold
C) Operating income
D) Total selling and administrative expenses

Answer: C

Diff: 1

LO: 20-2

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Contribution Margin Income Statement

25) Galose Coffee Company sold 7,000 units in October at a sales price of $45 per unit. The variable cost is $20 per unit. The monthly fixed costs are $8,000. What is the operating income earned in October?

A) $175,000
B) $315,000
C) $167,000
D) $140,000

Answer: C

Explanation: C)

Sales Revenue ($45 × 7,000) $315,000

Less: Variable Costs ($20 × 7,000) (140,000)

Contribution margin 175,000

Less: Fixed costs (8,000)

Operating income $167,000

Diff: 1

LO: 20-2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Contribution Margin Income Statement

26) Andres Napkin Company sells a product for $80 per unit. Variable costs are $25 per unit, and fixed costs are $4,000 per month. Andres sold 2,000 units in October. Prepare an income statement for October using the contribution margin format.

Answer:

Andres Napkin Company

Contribution Margin Income Statement

Month ended October 31, 20XX

Sales revenue ($80 × 2,000) $160,000

Variable costs ($25 × 2,000) (50,000)

Contribution margin 110,000

Fixed costs (4,000)

Operating income $106,000

Diff: 1

LO: 20-2

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Contribution Margin Income Statement

27) Complete the following statements:

A traditional income statement classifies costs ________; that is, costs are classified as either ________ costs or ________ costs.

A contribution margin income statement classifies costs ________; that is, costs are classified as either ________ costs or ________ costs.

Answer: A traditional income statement classifies costs function; that is, costs are classified as either product costs or period costs.

A contribution margin income statement classifies costs behavior; that is, costs are classified as either variable costs or fixed costs.

Diff: 2

LO: 20-2

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Contribution Margin Income Statement

Learning Objective 20-3

1) CVP analysis assumes that the sales price per unit does not change as volume changes.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-3

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Assumptions

2) The breakeven point is the point where the sales revenues are equal to the fixed costs.

Answer: FALSE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-3

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Assumptions

3) A CVP graph shows how changes in the level of sales will affect profits.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-3

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Assumptions

4) The fundamental assumption of cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis is that, in the long run, fixed costs become variable costs.

Answer: FALSE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-3

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Assumptions

5) Which of the following is not an assumption of cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis?

A) The only factor that affects total costs is a change in volume, which increases or decreases variable and mixed costs.
B) The price per unit does not change as volume changes.
C) Fixed costs do not change.
D) The price per unit changes as volume changes.

Answer: D

Explanation: D) The price per unit does not change as volume changes.

Diff: 1

LO: 20-3

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Assumptions

6) List the cost-volume-profit (CVP) assumptions.

Answer: The CVP assumptions are:

The price per unit does not change as volume changes.
Managers can classify costs as variable, fixed, or mixed.
The only factor that affects total costs is change in volume, which increases or decreases variable and mixed costs.
Fixed costs do not change.
There are no changes in inventory levels

Diff: 1

LO: 20-3

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Assumptions

7) Savannah Company sells glass vases at a wholesale price of $5 per unit. The variable cost of manufacture is $2.50 per unit. The fixed costs are $6,200 per month. It sold 5,700 units during this month. Calculate Savannah’s operating income (loss) for this month.

A) $22,300
B) $8,050
C) ($8,050)
D) ($6,200)

Answer: B

Explanation: B)

Net sales revenue ($5 × 5,700) $28,500

Variable costs ($2.50 × 5,700) (14,250)

Contribution margin 14,250

Fixed costs (6,200)

Operating income (loss) $8,050

Diff: 2

LO: 20-3

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Target Profit – Three Approaches

8) Target profit is the operating income that results when sales revenue minus variable and fixed costs equals management’s profit goal.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-3

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Target Profit – Three Approaches

9) Companies can use the contribution margin ratio approach to compute required sales in terms of units rather than in sales dollars.

Answer: FALSE

Explanation: Companies can use the contribution margin ratio approach to compute required sales in terms of sales dollars rather than in units.

Diff: 1

LO: 20-3

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Target Profit – Three Approaches

10) Target profit can be determined using the contribution margin, contribution margin ratio, or break even approach.

Answer: FALSE

Explanation: Target profit can be determined using the equation, contribution margin or contribution margin ratio approach.

Diff: 1

LO: 20-3

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Target Profit – Three Approaches

11) Darwin Company sells glass vases at a wholesale price of $4.50 per unit. The variable cost to manufacture is $1.75 per unit. The monthly fixed costs are $8,500. Its current sales are 29,000 units per month. If the company wants to increase its operating income 20%, how many additional units must it sell? (Round any intermediate calculations to two decimal places and your final answer to the nearest whole number.)

A) 130,500 glass vases
B) 8,500 glass vases
C) 34,182 glass vases
D) 5,182 glass vases

Answer: D

Explanation: D)

Net sales revenue ($4.50 × 29,000) $130,500

Less: Variable costs ($1.75 × 29,000) (50,750)

Contribution margin 79,750

Less: Fixed costs (8,500)

Operating income $71,250

Target profit = $71,250 × (1 + 20%) = $85,500

Required sales in units = (Fixed costs + Target profit) / Contribution margin per unit = = 94,000 / $1.75 = 34,182 units

Sales prior to change 29,000 units

Additional sales needed (34,182 – 29,000) 5,182

Diff: 3

LO: 20-3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Critical thinking

H2: Target Profit – Three Approaches

12) Hisham was a professional classical guitar player until a motorcycle accident left him disabled. After long months of therapy, he hired an experienced luthier and started a small shop to make and sell Spanish guitars. The guitars sell for $900, and the fixed monthly operating costs are as follows:

Rent and utilities	$800
Wages and benefits to luthier	2,000
Other expenses	474

Hisham’s accountant told him about contribution margin ratios, and Hisham understood clearly that for every dollar of sales, $0.65 went to cover his fixed costs, and anything above that point was profit.

Hisham wishes to earn $4,000 of operating profit each month. Calculate the number of guitars Hisham will need to sell to achieve the target profit. (Round your answer up to the nearest whole guitar.)

A) 3 guitars
B) 12 guitars
C) 4 guitars
D) 13 guitars

Answer: D

Explanation: D) Required sales in units = (Fixed costs + Target profit) / Contribution margin per unit

Contribution margin per unit = $900 × 0.65 = $585

Total fixed costs = $800 + $2,000 + $474 = $3,274

Target profit = $4,000

Required sales in units = ($3,274 + $4,000) / $585 = 13 guitars

Diff: 3

LO: 20-3

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Target Profit – Three Approaches

13) Ethan was a professional classical guitar player until a motorcycle accident left him disabled. After long months of therapy, he hired an experienced luthier and started a small shop to make and sell Spanish guitars. The guitars sell for $600, and the fixed monthly operating costs are as follows:

Rent and utilities	$600
Wages and benefits to luthier	2,200
Other expenses	470

Ethan’s accountant told him about contribution margin ratios, and Ethan understood clearly that for every dollar of sales, $0.60 went to cover his fixed costs, and anything above that point was profit.

Ethan wishes to earn $5,000 of operating profit each month. Calculate the amount of sales revenue required to achieve the target profit. (Round your answer to the nearest dollar.)

A) $5,450
B) $8,175
C) $13,784
D) $20,675

Answer: C

Explanation: C) Required sales in dollars = (Fixed costs + Target profit) / Contribution margin ratio

Contribution margin ratio = 60%

Total fixed costs = $600 + $2,200 + $470 = $3,270

Target profit = $5,000

Required sales in dollars = ($3,270 + $5,000) / 60% = $13,784

Diff: 3

LO: 20-3

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Target Profit – Three Approaches

14) Brevard Manufacturer produces flooring material. The monthly fixed costs are $10,000 per month. The unit sales price is $75, and variable cost per unit is $35. How many units should Brevard sell in order to earn $10,000 as operating income?

Answer: Required sales in units = (Fixed costs + Target profit) / Contribution margin per unit

Unit contribution margin = Net sales revenue per unit – Variable costs per unit

Unit contribution margin = $75 – $35 = $40

Required sales in units = ($10,000 + $10,000) / $40 = 500 units

Diff: 2

LO: 20-3

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Target Profit – Three Approaches

15) Daytona Manufacturer produces flooring material. The monthly fixed costs are $10,000 per month. The unit sales price is $75, and variable cost per unit is $35. Daytona wishes to earn an operating income of $25,000. Using the contribution margin ratio, calculate the total sales revenue that is needed. (Round intermediate calculations to five decimal places.)

Answer: Required sales in dollars = (Fixed costs + Target profit) / Contribution margin ratio

Unit contribution margin = Net sales revenue per unit – Variable costs per unit

Contribution margin ratio = Contribution margin / Net sales revenue

Unit contribution margin = $75 – $35 = $40

Unit contribution ratio = $40 / $75 = 53.33%

Required sales in dollars = ($10,000 + $25,000) / 53.33% = $65,629

Diff: 2

LO: 20-3

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Target Profit – Three Approaches

16) The sales level at which operating income is zero is called the breakeven point.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-3

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Breakeven Point – A Variation of Target Profit

17) The breakeven point represents the sales level at which the company’s operating income is zero.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-3

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Breakeven Point – A Variation of Target Profit

18) If all other factors remain constant, an increase in fixed costs will increase the breakeven point.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-3

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Critical thinking

H2: Breakeven Point – A Variation of Target Profit

19) Fixed costs divided contribution margin per unit equals the breakeven point in unit sales.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-3

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Breakeven Point – A Variation of Target Profit

20) Fixed costs divided the contribution margin ratio equals the breakeven point in sales dollars.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-3

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Breakeven Point – A Variation of Target Profit

21) One of the assumptions of cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis is that there are no changes in the ________.

A) accounts payable
B) cash balance
C) inventory levels
D) account receivables

Answer: C

Diff: 1

LO: 20-3

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Breakeven Point – A Variation of Target Profit

22) Maywood Company sells hand-knit scarves. Each scarf sells for $40. The company pays $60 to rent vending space for one day. The variable costs are $15 per scarf. How many scarves should the company sell each day in order to break even? (Round your answer up to the nearest whole scarf.)

A) 2 scarves
B) 3 scarves
C) 20 scarves
D) 4 scarves

Answer: B

Explanation: B) Required sales in units = (Fixed costs + Target profit) / Contribution margin per unit

Unit contribution margin = Net sales revenue per unit – Variable costs per unit

Unit contribution margin = $40 – $15 = $25 per scarf

Required sales in units = ($60 + $0) / $25 = 3 scarves (rounded)

Diff: 1

LO: 20-3

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Breakeven Point – A Variation of Target Profit

23) Winter Wonderland sells hand-knit scarves. Each scarf sells for $50. The company pays $30 to rent a vending space for one day. The variable costs are $10 per scarf. What total revenue amount does the company need to earn to break even? (Round any percentages to two decimal places and your final answer to the nearest cent.)

A) $66.67
B) $37.50
C) $12.50
D) $50.00

Answer: B

Explanation: B) Required sales in dollars = (Fixed costs + Target profit) / Contribution margin ratio

Contribution margin ratio = Contribution margin / Net sales revenue

Unit contribution margin = $50 – $10 = $40 per scarf

Contribution margin ratio = ($40 / $50) × 100 = 80.00%

Required sales in dollars = ($30 + $0) / 80.00% = $37.50

Diff: 1

LO: 20-3

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Breakeven Point – A Variation of Target Profit

24) Young Guns Company, which sells tents, has provided the following information:

Sales price per unit	$45
Variable cost per unit	11
Fixed costs per month	$12,700

What are the required sales in units for Young to break even? (Round your answer up to the nearest whole unit.)

A) 227 units
B) 1,155 units
C) 283 units
D) 374 units

Answer: D

Explanation: D) Required sales in units = (Fixed costs + Target profit) / Contribution margin per unit

Unit contribution margin = Net sales revenue per unit – Variable costs per unit

Sales price $45

Less: variable cost (11)

Contribution margin $34

Required sales in units = ($12,700 + $0) / $34 = 374 units

Diff: 2

LO: 20-3

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Breakeven Point – A Variation of Target Profit

25) Madison Company has provided the following information:

Sales price per unit	$40
Variable cost per unit	18
Fixed costs per month	$12,800

What is the amount of sales in dollars required for Madison to break even? (Round any percentages to two decimal places and your final answer to the nearest dollar.)

A) $711
B) $23,273
C) $582
D) $12,800

Answer: B

Explanation: B) Required sales in dollars = (Fixed costs + Target profit) / Contribution margin ratio

Contribution margin ratio = Contribution margin / Net sales revenue

Sales price $40

Less: variable cost (18)

Contribution margin $22

Contribution margin ratio = ($22 / $40) × 100 = 55.00%

Required sales in dollars = ($12,800 + 0) / 55.00% = $23,273

Diff: 2

LO: 20-3

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Breakeven Point – A Variation of Target Profit

26) Roberts Produce Company has fixed costs of $14,000. The company’s contribution margin ratio is 46%, and the ratio of selling revenue to sales is 20%. What is the breakeven point in sales dollars? (Round your answer to the nearest dollar.)

A) $70,000
B) $30,435
C) $6,440
D) $2,800

Answer: B

Explanation: B) Required sales in dollars = (Fixed costs + Target profit) / Contribution margin ratio

Required sales in dollars = ($14,000 + 0) / 46% = $30,435

Diff: 2

LO: 20-3

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Breakeven Point – A Variation of Target Profit

27) Hurst Company sells hand-sewn shirts for $40 per shirt. It incurs monthly fixed costs of $7,000. The contribution margin ratio is calculated to be 50%. What is the breakeven point in units? (Round your answer up to the nearest whole unit.)

A) 175 units
B) 3,500 units
C) 80 units
D) 350 units

Answer: D

Explanation: D) Required sales in dollars = (Fixed costs + Target profit) / Contribution margin ratio

Required sales in dollars = ($7,000 + 0) / 50% = $14,000.00

Number of units to be sold to break even = $14,000.00 / $40 = 350 units

Diff: 3

LO: 20-3

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Breakeven Point – A Variation of Target Profit

28) Joshua was a professional classical guitarist until a motorcycle accident left him disabled. After long months of therapy, he hired an experienced luthier and started a small shop to make and sell Spanish guitars. The guitars sell for $800, and the fixed monthly operating costs are as follows:

Rent and utilities	$600
Wages and benefits to luthier	2,300
Other expenses	479

Joshua’s accountant told him about contribution margin ratios, and Joshua understood clearly that for every dollar of sales, $0.60 went to cover his fixed costs, and anything above that point was profit.

How many guitars does Joshua need to sell each month to break even? (Round your answer up to the nearest whole guitar.)

A) 5 guitars
B) 3 guitars
C) 7 guitars
D) 8 guitars

Answer: D

Explanation: D) Required sales in units = (Fixed costs + Target profit) / Contribution margin per unit

Contribution margin per unit = $800 × 0.60 = $480

Total fixed costs = $600 + $2,300 + $479 = $3,379

Required sales in units = ($3,379 + $0) / $480 = 8 guitars

Diff: 2

LO: 20-3

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Breakeven Point – A Variation of Target Profit

29) Colin was a professional classical guitarist until a motorcycle accident left him disabled. After long months of therapy, he hired an experienced luthier and started a small shop to make and sell Spanish guitars. The guitars sell for $900, and the fixed monthly operating costs are as follows:

Rent and utilities	$700
Wages and benefits to luthier	2,000
Other expenses	475

Colin’s accountant told him about contribution margin ratios, and Colin understood clearly that for every dollar of sales, $0.60 went to cover his fixed costs, and anything above that point was profit.

What is the amount of revenue Colin should earn each month to break even? (Round your answer to the nearest dollar.)

A) $7,938
B) $5,292
C) $4,500
D) $4,125

Answer: B

Explanation: B) Required sales in dollars = (Fixed costs + Target profit) / Contribution margin ratio

Contribution margin ratio = 60%

Total fixed costs = $700 + $2,000 + $475 = $3,175

Required sales in dollars = ($3,175 + 0) / 60% = $5,292

Diff: 2

LO: 20-3

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Breakeven Point – A Variation of Target Profit

30) From the graph given below, identify the sales revenue line.

A) OB
B) AC
C) AD
D) AE

Answer: A

Diff: 1

LO: 20-3

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Breakeven Point – A Variation of Target Profit

31) Identify the breakeven point in the graph given below.

A) O
B) B
C) E
D) D

Answer: C

Diff: 1

LO: 20-3

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Breakeven Point – A Variation of Target Profit

32) In the graph below, the area between the lines AC and OB to the right of point E represents ________.

A) fixed costs
B) breakeven point
C) operating loss
D) operating income

Answer: D

Diff: 1

LO: 20-3

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Breakeven Point – A Variation of Target Profit

33) The breakeven point is the point where the sales revenues are equal to the total variable costs plus the total fixed costs.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-3

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: CVP Graph – A Graphic Portrayal

34) Jenna Manufacturers produces flooring material. The monthly fixed costs are $16,000 per month. The sales price per unit is $95 and variable cost per unit is $35. If Jenna’s managers create a CVP graph from volume levels of zero to 800 units, at what sales level (in units) will the revenue and total cost lines intersect? (Round your answer up to the nearest whole unit.)

A) 267 units
B) 169 units
C) 458 units
D) 124 units

Answer: A

Explanation: A) Required sales in units = (Fixed costs + Target profit) / Contribution margin per unit

Unit contribution margin = Net sales revenue per unit – Variable costs per unit

Sales price $95

Less: variable cost (35)

Contribution margin 60

Fixed costs 16,000

Required sales in units ($16,000 / $60) $267

Diff: 2

LO: 20-3

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: CVP Graph – A Graphic Portrayal

35) From the graph given below, identify the fixed costs line.

A) OB
B) AC
C) AD
D) AE

Answer: C

Diff: 1

LO: 20-3

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: CVP Graph – A Graphic Portrayal

Learning Objective 20-4

1) Sensitivity analysis allows managers to see how various business strategies will affect profit levels.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-4

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: How Is CVP Analysis Used for Sensitivity Analysis? (H1)

2) Sensitivity analysis empowers managers with better information for decision making analyzing how various business strategies will affect profits earned the company.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-4

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: How Is CVP Analysis Used for Sensitivity Analysis? (H1)

3) Managers can use CVP relationships to conduct sensitivity analysis.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-4

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: How Is CVP Analysis Used for Sensitivity Analysis? (H1)

4) ________ is a “what if” technique that estimates profit or loss results if sales price, costs, volume, or underlying assumptions change.

A) High-low method of analysis
B) Sensitivity analysis
C) Contribution margin
D) Operating leverage

Answer: B

Diff: 1

LO: 20-4

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: How Is CVP Analysis Used for Sensitivity Analysis? (H1)

5) An increase in sales price per unit decreases the contribution margin per unit.

Answer: FALSE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-4

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Changes in the Sales Price

6) An increase in sales price per unit increases the number of units required to break even.

Answer: FALSE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-4

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Changes in the Sales Price

7) When the sales price per unit decreases, the breakeven point ________.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) remains the same
D) decreases proportionately

Answer: A

Diff: 1

LO: 20-4

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Changes in the Sales Price

8) When the sales price per unit decreases, the contribution margin per unit ________.

A) increases proportionately
B) increases
C) remains the same
D) decreases

Answer: D

Diff: 1

LO: 20-4

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Changes in the Sales Price

9) Luca was a professional classical guitar player until a motorcycle accident left him disabled. After long months of therapy, he hired an experienced luthier and started a small shop to make and sell Spanish guitars. The guitars sell for $700, and the fixed monthly operating costs are as follows:

Rent and utilities	$810
Wages and benefits to luthier	2,500
Other expenses	480

Luca’s accountant told him about contribution margin ratios, and Luca understood clearly that for every dollar of sales, $0.60 went to cover his fixed costs, and anything above that point was profit.

Luca is planning to increase the sales price to $750. What impact will the increase in sales price have on the contribution margin ratio?

A) It will stay the same.
B) It will increase to 53.33%.
C) It will increase to approximately 62.67%.
D) It will decrease to approximately 49.33%.

Answer: C

Explanation: C) Contribution margin per unit = $700 × 0.60 = $420

Contribution margin ratio = ($470 / $750) × 100 = 0.6267

Diff: 3

LO: 20-4

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Changes in the Sales Price

10) Brad was a professional classical guitar player until a motorcycle accident at left him disabled. After long months of therapy, he hired an experienced luthier and started a small shop to make and sell Spanish guitars. The guitars sell for $700 each, and the fixed monthly operating costs are as follows:

Rent and utilities	$810
Wages and benefits to luthier	2,520
Other expenses	480

Brad’s accountant told him about contribution margin ratios, and Brad understood clearly that for every dollar of sales, $0.60 went to cover his fixed costs, and anything above that point was profit.

Brad is planning to increase the sales price to $820. What impact will the increase in sales price have on the breakeven point in units? (Round your answer up to the nearest whole guitar.)

A) It will stay the same.
B) It will go down from 12 to 8 units.
C) It will go up from 8 to 12 units.
D) It will go down from 10 to 8 units.

Answer: D

Explanation: D) Contribution margin per unit = $700 × 0.60 = $420

Total fixed costs = $810 + $2,520 + $480 = $3,810

Required sales in units = (Fixed costs + Target profit) / Contribution margin per unit

Required sales in units = ($3,810 + 0) / $420 = 10 units

Revised contribution margin = $420 + ($820 – $700) = $420 + $120 = $540

Required sales in units (Revised) = ($3,810 + 0) / $540 = 8 units

Diff: 3

LO: 20-4

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Critical thinking

H2: Changes in the Sales Price

11) Which of the following will lower the breakeven point?

A) a decrease in the sales price per unit
B) an increase in total fixed costs
C) an increase in the variable cost per unit
D) an increase in the sales price per unit

Answer: D

Diff: 1

LO: 20-4

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Changes in the Sales Price

12) A small business produces a single product and reports the following data:

Sales price	$8.50	per unit
Variable cost	$5.25	per unit
Fixed cost	$22,000	per month
Volume	10,000	units per month

The company believes that the volume will go up to 12,000 units if the company reduces its sales price to $7.50. How would this change affect operating income?

A) It will increase $5,500.
B) It will increase $10,500.
C) It will decrease $5,500.
D) It will decrease $10,500.

Answer: C

Explanation: C) Contribution margin (before reduction in sales price) = $8.50 – $5.25 = $3.25

Operating income (before reduction in sales price) = (10,000 × $3.25) – $22,000 = $10,500

Contribution margin (after reduction in sales price) = $7.50 – $5.25 = $2.25

Operating income (after reduction in sales price) = (12,000 × $2.25) – $22,000 = $5,000

Decrease in operating income due to reduction in selling price = $10,500 – $5,000 = $5,500

Diff: 2

LO: 20-4

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Critical thinking

H2: Changes in the Sales Price

13) Complete the statement, using the following terms: increase, decrease, or have no effect on.

Increases in sales price per unit ________ contribution margin per unit and ________ the breakeven point.

Answer: Increases in sales price per unit increase contribution margin per unit and decrease the breakeven point.

Diff: 2

LO: 20-4

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Changes in the Sales Price

14) Complete the statement, using the following terms: increase, decrease, or have no effect on.

Decreases in sales price per unit_______ contribution margin per unit and ________ the breakeven point.

Answer: Decreases in sales price per unit decrease contribution margin per unit and increase the breakeven point.

Diff: 2

LO: 20-4

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Changes in the Sales Price

15) When the variable cost per unit decreases, the contribution margin on each unit sold also decreases.

Answer: FALSE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-4

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Changes in Variable Costs

16) When the variable cost per unit increases, the total number of units required to break even also increases.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-4

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Changes in Variable Costs

17) When the variable cost per unit increases, the contribution margin on each unit decreases.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-4

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Changes in Variable Costs

18) If the variable cost per unit decreases, the total number of units required to break even will increase.

Answer: FALSE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-4

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Changes in Variable Costs

19) Which of the following statements is true if the variable cost per unit increases while the sales price per unit and total fixed costs remain constant?

A) The breakeven point decreases.
B) The contribution margin increases.
C) The breakeven point remains the same.
D) The breakeven point increases.

Answer: D

Diff: 2

LO: 20-4

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Critical thinking

H2: Changes in Variable Costs

20) Lightfoot Company sells its product for $55 and has variable cost of $30 per unit. The total fixed costs are $25,000. What will be the effect on the breakeven point in units if variable cost increases $10 due to an increase in the cost of direct materials?

A) It will increase 667 units.
B) It will decrease 667 units.
C) It will decrease 175 units.
D) It will increase 175 units.

Answer: A

Explanation: A) Breakeven point (before increase in cost of direct materials) = $25,000 / ($55 – $30) = 1,000 units

Breakeven point (after increase in cost of direct materials) = $25,000 / ($55 – $40) = 1,667 units

Increase in breakeven point = 1,667 – 1,000 = 667 units

Diff: 3

LO: 20-4

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Changes in Variable Costs

21) Moylan Roofing Company has provided the following information:

Sales revenue	$779,000
Variable costs	506,000
Fixed costs	216,000

Which of the following statements is true, if the sales volume increases 10%?

A) Operating income will increase $50,600.
B) Operating income will increase $27,300.
C) Fixed expenses will increase $21,600.
D) Contribution margin will increase $77,900.

Answer: B

Explanation: B) Contribution margin = $779,000 – $506,000 = $273,000

Revised sales:

Sales Revenue $779,000

Add: 10% of sales 77,900

Total sales $856,900

Revised variable costs:

Variable costs $506,000

Add: 10% of variable costs 50,600

Total variable costs $556,600

Revised contribution margin:

Sales Revenue $856,900

Less variable costs (556,600)

Contribution margin $300,300

Effect on contribution margin:

Revised contribution margin $300,300

Less: Variable costs (273,000)

Increase in contribution margin $27,300

Diff: 3

LO: 20-4

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Changes in Variable Costs

22) Complete the statement, using the following terms: increase, decrease, or have no effect on.

Decreases in variable cost per unit ________ contribution margin per unit and ________ the breakeven point.

Answer: Decreases in variable cost per unit increase contribution margin per unit and decrease the breakeven point.

Diff: 2

LO: 20-4

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Changes in Variable Costs

23) Complete the statement, using the following terms: increase, decrease, or have no effect on.

Increases in variable cost per unit ________ contribution margin per unit and ________ the breakeven point.

Answer: Increases in variable cost decrease contribution margin per unit and increase the breakeven point.

Diff: 2

LO: 20-4

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Changes in Variable Costs

24) Metro Arcade sells tickets at $25 per person as a one-day entrance fee. Variable costs are $11 per person, and fixed costs are $52,500 per month.

Assume that Metro increases variable costs from $11 to $14 per person. Compute the new breakeven point in tickets and in sales dollars.

Answer:

Unit contribution margin = Net sales revenue per unit – Variable costs per unit

= $25 = $14 = $11

Required sales in units = (Fixed costs + Target profit) / Contribution margin per unit

= ($52,500 + $0) / $11

= 4,773 tickets

Required sales dollars = Selling price per ticket × Required ticket sales

= $25 × 4,773 = $119,325

Diff: 2

LO: 20-4

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Changes in Variable Costs

25) Higher fixed costs decrease the total contribution margin required to break even.

Answer: FALSE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-4

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Changes in Fixed Costs

26) Higher fixed costs increase the total number of units required to break even.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-4

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Changes in Fixed Costs

27) If a company reduces its fixed costs, the operating income will increase the same amount as the cost reduction.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 2

LO: 20-4

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Critical thinking

H2: Changes in Fixed Costs

28) When the total fixed costs increase, the contribution margin per unit ________.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) increases proportionately
D) remains the same

Answer: D

Diff: 1

LO: 20-4

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Changes in Fixed Costs

29) When the total fixed costs increase, the breakeven point ________.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) decreases proportionately
D) remains the same

Answer: A

Diff: 1

LO: 20-4

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Changes in Fixed Costs

30) When the total fixed costs decrease, the contribution margin per unit ________.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) remains the same
D) decreases proportionately

Answer: C

Diff: 1

LO: 20-4

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Changes in Fixed Costs

31) When the total fixed costs decrease, the breakeven point ________.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) remains the same
D) increases proportionately

Answer: B

Diff: 1

LO: 20-4

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Changes in Fixed Costs

32) Which of the following statements is true if total fixed costs decrease while the sales price per unit and variable cost per unit remain constant?

A) The contribution margin increases.
B) The breakeven point increases.
C) The contribution margin decreases.
D) The breakeven point decreases.

Answer: D

Diff: 2

LO: 20-4

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Critical thinking

H2: Changes in Fixed Costs

33) Evans Tiles Company has estimated the following amounts for its next fiscal year:

Total fixed costs	$832,000
Sales price per unit	44
Variable costs per unit	20

What will happen to the breakeven point (in units) if Evans can reduce fixed costs $22,000? (Round your answer up to the nearest whole unit.)

A) The breakeven point will decrease 917 units.
B) The breakeven point will decrease 1,100 units.
C) The breakeven point will increase 1,100 units.
D) The breakeven point will increase 500 units.

Answer: A

Explanation: A) Contribution margin (before reduction in fixed expenses) = $44 – $20 = $24

Decrease breakeven point due to reduction in fixed costs = $22,000 / $24 = 917 units

Diff: 3

LO: 20-4

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Changes in Fixed Costs

34) Complete the statement, using the following terms: increase, decrease, or have no effect on.

Increases in total fixed cost ________ contribution margin per unit and ________ the breakeven point.

Answer: Increases in total fixed cost have no effect on contribution margin per unit and increase the breakeven point.

Diff: 2

LO: 20-4

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Changes in Fixed Costs

35) Complete the statement, using the following terms: increases, decreases, or have no effect on.

Decreases in fixed cost ________ contribution margin per unit and ________ the breakeven point.

Answer: Decreases in fixed cost have no effect on contribution margin per unit and decrease the breakeven point.

Diff: 2

LO: 20-4

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Changes in Fixed Costs

36) Fun Time Amusement Park provides a variety of attractions. Fun Time sells tickets at $50 per person as a one-day entrance fee. Variable costs are $28 per person, and fixed costs are $178,800 per month.

Assume that Fun Time reduces fixed costs from $178,800 per month to $166,500 per month. Compute the new breakeven point in tickets and in sales dollars.

Answer:

Unit contribution margin = Net sales revenue per unit – Variable costs per unit

= $50 = $28 = $22

Required sales in units = (Fixed costs + Target profit) / Contribution margin per unit

= ($166,500 + $0) / $22

= 7,569 tickets

Required sales dollars = Selling price per ticket × Required ticket sales

= $50 × 7,569 = $378,450

Diff: 2

LO: 20-4

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Changes in Fixed Costs

Learning Objective 20-5

1) The amount which sales can decrease before the company incurs an operating loss is called breakeven point.

Answer: FALSE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-5

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Margin of Safety

2) The margin of safety can be used to evaluate a company’s plans for the future.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-5

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Margin of Safety

3) If variable costs increase, and all other factors remain the same, the margin of safety will become smaller.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-5

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Critical thinking

H2: Margin of Safety

4) If variable costs decrease, and all other factors remain the same, the margin of safety will become larger.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-5

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Critical thinking

H2: Margin of Safety

5) If fixed costs increase, and all other factors remain the same, the margin of safety will become larger.

Answer: FALSE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-5

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Critical thinking

H2: Margin of Safety

6) Gould Enterprises sells computer disks for $3.16 per disk. Unit variable cost is $0.06. The breakeven point in units is 3,600, and expected sales in units are 4,300. What is the margin of safety in dollars?

A) $2,170
B) $2,212
C) $42
D) $11,376

Answer: B

Explanation: B) Margin of safety = (4,300 – 3,600) × $3.16 = $2,212

Diff: 2

LO: 20-5

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Margin of Safety

7) Divine Foods produces a gourmet condiment that sells for $24 per unit. Variable cost is $6 per unit, and fixed costs are $8,000 per month. If Divine expects to sell 1,500 units, compute the margin of safety in units. (Round any intermediate calculations and your final answer to the nearest whole unit.)

A) 444 units
B) 1,056 units
C) 1,500 units
D) 19 units

Answer: B

Explanation: B)

Sales price per unit $24

Less: Variable cost per unit (6)

Contribution margin per unit $18

Breakeven sales in units = (Fixed costs + Target profit) / Contribution margin per unit

Breakeven sales in units = ($8,000 + 0) / $18 = 444 units

Expected sales – Breakeven sales = Margin of safety in units

1,500 units – 444 units = 1,056 units

Diff: 2

LO: 20-5

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Margin of Safety

8) Gallup Foods produces a gourmet condiment that sells for $22 per unit. Variable cost is $8 per unit, and fixed costs are $6,000 per month. If Gallup expects to sell 2,000 units, compute the margin of safety in dollars. (Round any intermediate calculations to the nearest whole unit, and your final answer to the nearest dollar.)

A) $34,571
B) $1,571
C) $6,000
D) $12,571

Answer: A

Explanation: A)

Sales price per unit $22

Less: Variable cost per unit (8)

Contribution margin per unit $14

Breakeven sales in units = (Fixed costs + Target profit) / Contribution margin per unit

Breakeven sales in units = ($6,000 + 0) / $14 = 429 units

Margin of safety in units × Sales price per unit = Margin of safety in dollars

(2,000 units – 429 units) × $22 per unit = $34,571

Diff: 2

LO: 20-5

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Margin of Safety

9) Antique Works is owned and operated a craftsman who makes replicas of historic firearms for museums, sportsmen, and collectors. The data are as follows:

Sales price per unit	$800
Variable cost per unit	470
Fixed costs per month	8,580

If Antique expects to sell 40 units per month, what is his margin of safety expressed in units per month?

A) 14 units
B) 40 units
C) 66 units
D) 12 units

Answer: A

Explanation: A)

Sales price per unit $800

Less: Variable cost per unit (470)

Contribution margin per unit $330

Breakeven sales in units = (Fixed costs + Target profit) / Contribution margin per unit

Breakeven sales in units = ($8,580 + 0) / $330 = 26 units

Expected sales – Breakeven sales = Margin of safety in units

40 units – 26 units = 14 units

Diff: 2

LO: 20-5

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Margin of Safety

10) Portland Antique Weaponry is owned and operated a craftsman who makes replicas of historic firearms for museums, sportsmen, and collectors. He is currently producing 40 flintlock muskets per month. Data are as follows:

Sales price per unit	$800
Variable cost per unit	470
Fixed costs per month	10,230

If Portland expects to sell 60 units per month, how much is his margin of safety expressed in sales revenue?

A) $13,630
B) $24,800
C) $23,200
D) $48,000

Answer: C

Explanation: C)

Sales price per unit $800

Less: Variable cost per unit (470)

Contribution margin per unit $330

Breakeven sales in units = (Fixed costs + Target profit) / Contribution margin per unit

Breakeven sales in units = ($10,230 + 0) / $330 = 31 units

Expected sales – Breakeven sales = Margin of safety in units

60 units – 31 units = 29 units

Margin of safety in units × Sales price per unit = Margin of safety in dollars

29 units × $800 per unit = $23,200

Diff: 2

LO: 20-5

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Margin of Safety

11) Browning Company sells two products—X and Y. Product X is sold for $30 per unit and has a variable cost per unit of $15. Product Y is sold for $30 per unit and has a variable cost of $10 per unit. Total fixed costs for the company are $20,000. Browning Company typically sells three units of Product X for every unit of Product Y. What is the breakeven point in total units? (Round any intermediate calculations to two decimal places, and your answer to the nearest unit.)

A) 1,231 units
B) 923 units
C) 308 units
D) 1,333 units

Answer: A

Explanation: A)

Product X Product Y

Sales price per unit $30 $30

Less variable cost per unit (15) (10)

Contribution margin per unit $15 $20

Weighted contribution = ($15 × 3) + ($20 × 1) = $65

Weighted-average contribution margin per unit = $65 / 4 = $16.25

Breakeven sales in units = (Fixed costs + Target profit) / Contribution margin per unit

Breakeven sales in units = ($20,000 + 0) / $16.25 per unit = 1,231 units

Diff: 3

LO: 20-5

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Margin of Safety

12) What is the margin of safety? List three ways in which margin of safety can be expressed.

Answer: The margin of safety is the excess of expected sales over breakeven sales. The margin of safety can be expressed in units, in dollars, or as a ratio.

Diff: 2

LO: 20-5

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Margin of Safety

13) The degree of operating leverage is the ratio that measures the effects that variable costs have on changes in operating income when sales volume changes.

Answer: FALSE

Explanation: The degree of operating leverage is the ratio that measures the effects that fixed costs have on changes in operating income when sales volume changes.

Diff: 1

LO: 20-5

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Operating Leverage

14) Operating leverage predicts the effects fixed costs have on changes in operating income when sales volume changes.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-5

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Operating Leverage

15) The degree of operating leverage for Williams Company is 2. The actual operating income is $14,000. If the company expects a 25% increase in sales, operating income should increase $3,500.

Answer: FALSE

Explanation: The percentage change in operating income will be 2 times the percentage change in sales. Thus operating income will increase $14,000 × 50% or $7,000.

Diff: 2

LO: 20-5

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Operating Leverage

16) Operating leverage predicts the effects that fixed costs have on changes in operating income when ________.

A) production is discontinued
B) there are no sales returns
C) variable costs change
D) sales volume changes

Answer: D

Diff: 1

LO: 20-5

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Operating Leverage

17) The degree of operating leverage can be measured ________.

A) dividing the contribution margin operating income
B) dividing the fixed costs the sales price per unit
C) multiplying the contribution margin sales revenue
D) dividing the fixed costs contribution margin

Answer: A

Diff: 1

LO: 20-5

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Operating Leverage

18) A company’s proportion of fixed costs to variable costs is called its ________.

A) target profit
B) relevant range
C) mixed cost
D) cost structure

Answer: D

Diff: 1

LO: 20-5

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Operating Leverage

19) Knapp Roofing Company has estimated the following amounts for its next fiscal year:

Total fixed costs	$840,000
Sale price per unit	80
Variable cost per unit	30

If the company spends an additional $35,000 on advertising, sales volume would increase by2,500 units. What effect will this decision have on the operating income of Evans?

A) Operating income will decrease $90,000.
B) Operating income will increase $90,000.
C) Operating income will increase $200,000.
D) Operating income will increase $125,000.

Answer: B

Explanation: B) Increase in total contribution margin = 2,500 units × ($80 – $30) = 2,500 units × $50 = $125,000

Increase in operating income = $125,000 – $35,000 (Advertising costs) = $90,000

Diff: 3

LO: 20-5

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Operating Leverage

20) McPherson Company is facing a $2 increase in the variable costs of producing one of its products for the upcoming year. As a result, the sales manager has made a proposal to increase the sales price of the product while increasing the advertising budget at the same time. The sales price increase will lower sales volume, but the other changes may help the company maintain its profit margin. McPherson has provided the following information regarding the current year results and the proposal made the sales manager:

	Current Year	Proposal
Unit sales	28,000	20,000
Sales price per unit	$48	$56
Variable cost per unit	$34	$36
Fixed cost	$76,000	$98,000

Relative to the current year, the sales manager’s proposal will ________.

A) decrease operating income $8,000
B) increase contribution margin $14,000
C) decrease the unit breakeven point
D) decrease operating income $14,000

Answer: D

Explanation: D)

Evaluation of current year data:

Sales price per unit $48

Less: Variable cost per unit (34)

Contribution margin per unit $14

Number of units sold 28,000

Total contribution margin ($14 × 28,000) $392,000

Less: Fixed costs (76,000)

Operating income $316,000

Evaluation of proposal made the sales manager:

Sales price per unit $56

Less: Variable cost per unit (36)

Contribution margin per unit $20

Number of units sold 20,000

Total contribution margin ($20 × 20,000) $400,000

Less: Fixed cost (98,000)

Operating income $302,000

Increase or (decrease) in operating income = $302,000 – $316,000 = (14,000)

Diff: 3

LO: 20-5

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Operating Leverage

21) What is operating leverage? The degree of operating leverage is 2.75. What does this mean?

Answer: Operating leverage predicts the effects that fixed costs have on changes in operating income when sales volume changes. If a company has a degree of operating leverage of 2.75, then a percentage change in sales will have 2.75 times the percentage change in profits. For example, if sales increase 10%, then profits will increase 27.5% (2.75 × 10%).

Diff: 2

LO: 20-5

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Critical thinking

H2: Operating Leverage

22) The sales mix provides the weights that make up total product sales.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-5

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Sales Mix

23) Sales mix, or product mix, is the combination of products that make up total sales.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-5

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Sales Mix

24) Grantham Company sells two products, X and Y. For the coming year, Grantham predicts sales of 5,000 units of X and 10,000 units of Y. The contribution margins of the two products are $5 and $4, respectively. The weighted-average contribution margin is $6.50.

Answer: FALSE

Explanation: Sales mix = 5,000:10,000 = 1:2

Total contribution per unit of the X and Y = ($5 × 1) + ($4 × 2) = $13

Weighted-average contribution margin per unit = $13 per unit / 3 units = $4.33

Diff: 2

LO: 20-5

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Sales Mix

25) For the next year, Hall & Co. predicts sales of 15,000 units of a product with a contribution margin of $6 per unit and 30,000 units of another product with a contribution margin of $10 per unit. The weighted-average contribution margin per unit is $8.67.

Answer: TRUE

Explanation: Total contribution = ($6 × 15,000) + ($10 × 30,000) = $90,000 + $300,000 = $390,000

Weighted-average contribution margin per unit = $390,000 / 45,000 = $8.67

Diff: 2

LO: 20-5

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Sales Mix

26) A company that sells multiple products will always set sales prices such that all products have the same contribution margin.

Answer: FALSE

Diff: 1

LO: 20-5

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Concept

H2: Sales Mix

27) The Purely Pizza Company sells pizzas in two different sizes—medium and large. The two products sell in equal numbers. The contribution margin of a medium pizza is $16, and the contribution margin of a large pizza is $18. The weighted average contribution margin is $17.

Answer: TRUE

Explanation: Total contribution = $16 + $18 = $34

Weighted-average contribution margin per unit = $34 / 2 = $17

Diff: 1

LO: 20-5

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Sales Mix

28) The Special Sauce Pizza Company sells pizzas in two different sizes—medium and large. The number of medium pizzas sold is twice the number of large pizzas sold. The contribution margin of a medium pizza is $10, and the contribution margin of a large pizza is $20. The weighted average contribution margin is $15.

Answer: FALSE

Explanation: Total contribution = ($10 × 2) + ($20 × 1) = $20 + $20 = $40

Weighted-average contribution margin per unit = $40 / 3 = $13.3333333

Diff: 1

LO: 20-5

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Sales Mix

29) Mist Beverages Company sells two products, A and B. Mist predicts that it will sell 2,500 units of A and 2,000 units of B during the next period. The unit contribution margins are $4.00 and $4.80 for products A and B, respectively. What is the weighted-average unit contribution margin? (Round your answer to the nearest cent.)

A) $4.36
B) $4.40
C) $4.44
D) $8.80

Answer: A

Explanation: A) Weighted contribution = ($4.00 × 2,500 units) + ($4.80 × 2,000 units) =

Weighted-average contribution margin per

Diff: 2

LO: 20-5

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Sales Mix

30) McDaniel Company sells two products—J and B. McDaniel predicts that it will sell 7,400 units of J and 6,500 units of B in the next period. The unit contribution margins are $2.90 and $6.30 for products J and B, respectively. What is the weighted-average unit contribution margin? (Round your answer to the nearest cent.)

A) $4.60
B) $1.54
C) $2.95
D) $4.49

Answer: D

Explanation: D) Weighted contribution = (7,400 × $2.90) + (6,500 × $6.30) = $62,410

Weights = 7,400 units + 6,500 units = 13,900 units

Weighted-average contribution margin per unit

Diff: 2

LO: 20-5

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Sales Mix

31) Jackson Manufacturers has provided the following information regarding the two products that it sells:

	Jet Boats	Ski Boats
Sales price per unit	$10,000	$24,000
Variable cost per unit	$4,800	$18,000

Annual fixed costs are $300,000.

How many units must be sold in order for Jackson to break even, assuming that Jackson sells five jet boats for every two ski boats sold? (Round any intermediate calculations to two decimal places, and your final answer to the nearest unit.)

A) 7 jet boats and 8 ski boats
B) 39 jet boats and 16 ski boats
C) 16 jet boats and 39 ski boats
D) 8 jet boats and 7 ski boats

Answer: B

Explanation: B)

	Jet Boats	Ski Boats
Sales price per unit	$10,000	$24,000
Variable cost per unit	$4,800	$18,000
Contribution margin per unit	$5,200	$6,000

Weighted contribution = ($5,200 × 5 jet boats) + ($6,000 × 2 ski boats) = $26,000 + $12,000 = $38,000

Weights = 5 jet boats + 2 ski boats = 7 boats

Weighted-average contribution margin per unit = $38,000 / 7 boats = $5,428.57 per boat

Required sales in units = (Fixed costs + Target profit) / Contribution margin per unit

Required sales in units = ($300,000 + 0) / $5,428.57 per boat = 55 boats

55 boats in the ratio of 5:2 are 39 jet boats and 16 ski boats.

Diff: 3

LO: 20-5

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Sales Mix

32) Becky’s Bakery sells three large muffins for every two small ones. A small muffin sells for $3.50 with a variable cost of $2.00. A large muffin sells for $6.00 with a variable cost of $3.00. What is the weighted-average contribution margin? (Round any intermediate calculations and your final answer to the nearest cent.)

A) $4.75 per muffin
B) $2.25 per muffin
C) $4.50 per muffin
D) $2.40 per muffin

Answer: D

Explanation: D)

Large Small

muffin muffin

Sales price per unit $6.00 $3.50

Less variable cost per unit (3.00) (2.00)

Contribution margin per unit $3.00 $1.50

Number of units × 3 × 2

Weighted contribution margin $9.00 $3.00

Total weighted contribution = $9.00 + $3.00 = $12.00

Weights = 3 large muffins + 2 small muffins = 5 muffins

Weighted-average contribution margin per unit = $12.00 / 5 muffins = $2.40 per muffin

Diff: 2

LO: 20-5

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Sales Mix

33) Popeye’s, a local convenience store, sells soft drinks. It sells two large drinks for every small drink. A large drink sells for $3.00 with a variable cost of $0.80. A small drink sells for $1.00 with a variable cost of $0.50. The weighted average contribution margin is ________. (Round any intermediate calculations and your final answer to the nearest cent.)

A) $1.35 per drink
B) $4.90 per drink
C) $1.63 per drink
D) $2.20 per drink

Answer: C

Explanation: C)

Large Small

drink drink

Sales price per unit $3.00 $1.00

Less variable cost per unit (0.80) (0.50)

Contribution margin per unit 2.20 0.50

Number of units × 2 × 1

Weighted contribution margin $4.40 $0.50

Total weighted contribution = $4.40 + $0.50 = $4.90

Weights = 2 large drinks + 1 small drink = 3 drinks

Weighted-average contribution margin per unit = $4.90 / 3 drinks = $1.63 per drink

Diff: 2

LO: 20-5

AACSB: Application of knowledge

AICPA Functional: Measurement

PE Question Type: Application

H2: Sales Mix

Horngrens Financial and Managerial Accounting 5th Edition Mattison Matsumura Test Bank

Horngrens Financial and Managerial Accounting 5th Edition Mattison Matsumura Test Bank

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Horngrens Financial and Managerial Accounting 5th Edition Mattison Matsumura Test Bank

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