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Human Genetics Concepts and Applications 9th Edition Lewis Test Bank
ISBN-13: 978-0078936463
ISBN-10: 0078936462
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Chapter 07
Multifactorial Traits
Multiple Choice Questions
- Traits that have both inherited and environmental causes are termed
A.heritable.
B. polygenic.
C. multifactorial.
D. familial.
E. inheritable.
Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 07.01
Topic: Genetics
- The degree to which genes contribute to Krabbe disease compared to osteoporosis is that
A.Krabbe disease is caused small contributions from many genes, with no environmental component.
B. Krabbe disease and osteoporosis are caused mutations in different single genes.
C. Krabbe disease and osteoporosis are caused a mutation in the same single gene, but it acts early in life in Krabbe disease and later in life in osteoporosis.
D. Krabbe disease is genetic and osteoporosis is caused entirely environmental factors, such as lack of weight-bearing exercise and a diet poor in calcium and vitamin D.
E. Krabbe disease is very rare and caused a mutation in a single gene, whereas osteoporosis is caused several genes and environmental factors.
Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 07.01
Topic: Genetics
- The term “oligogenic disorder” refers to
A.a trait or disease caused at least two genes that contribute equally.
B. a trait or disease caused one major gene and smaller effects of other genes.
C. a trait or disease that affects several body parts.
D. a trait or disease caused small inputs from many genes, with no major gene.
E. a disorder that ranges greatly in severity.
Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 07.01
Topic: Genetics
- Mutations and SNPs are similar in that
A.they can both be changes in a DNA sequence.
B. they can both be changes in an RNA sequence.
C. they both are more common in males than females.
D. both are very common.
E. both are very rare.
Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 07.01
Topic: Genetics
- Mutations and SNPs are different in that
A.SNPs are rare and typically have a large effect on a phenotype, whereas mutations are common and each contribute a small degree to a phenotype.
B. SNPs have been well-studied for a long time, but mutations have only been studied since the sequencing of the human genome.
C. mutations are rare and typically have a large effect on a phenotype, whereas SNPs are common and each may contribute a small degree to a phenotype.
D. mutations affect many DNA bases in a gene whereas SNPs affect only a single base.
E. mutations occur in autosomes and SNPs occur in the sex chromosomes.
Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 07.01
Topic: Genetics
- Multifactorial traits include
A.only single gene traits.
B. only polygenic traits.
C. neither single gene nor polygenic traits.
D. both single gene and polygenic traits.
E. only traits that have no genetic cause.
Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 07.01
Topic: Genetics
- The distinction between multifactorial and polygenic traits is that
A.polygenic traits are caused more than one gene, and multifactorial traits are caused one or more genes as well as environmental influences.
B. multifactorial traits are not genetic and polygenic traits are.
C. the genetic component can be determined for polygenic traits but not for multifactorial traits.
D. polygenic traits are caused more than one gene and multifactorial traits are caused only one gene.
E. the phenotype of a multifactorial trait cannot change, and that of a polygenic trait can.
Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 07.01
Topic: Genetics
- Mendel’s laws
A.do not apply to multifactorial traits.
B. apply to multifactorial traits but may be difficult to follow because different genes contribute in different degrees to a phenotype.
C. operate in some genes that contribute to a multifactorial trait but not in others.
D. apply only to polygenic but not multifactorial traits.
E. apply only to Mendelian traits.
Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 07.01
Topic: Genetics
- Rasheed suffers terrible migraine headaches. They are likely caused by
A.at least three genes and perhaps an environmental trigger, such as a food.
B. a single gene but no environmental influences.
C. a missing chromosome.
D. poor diet and susceptibility to infection.
E. small effects of hundreds of genes.
Difficulty: Apply/Analyze
Section: 07.01
Topic: Genetics
- A continuously varying trait is
A.height in pea plants.
B. cystic fibrosis.
C. seed color in pea plants.
D. extra fingers and toes.
E. height in humans.
Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 07.02
Topic: Genetics
- DNA sequences that contribute to polygenic traits are called
A.qualitative trait loci.
B. quantitative trait loci.
C. multifactorial trait loci.
D. single nucleotide polymorphisms.
E. polygenes.
Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 07.02
Topic: Genetics
- In a polygenic trait
A.all genes contribute equally.
B. within genes, all alleles affect the phenotype to the same degree.
C. all alleles are dominant.
D. genes contribute to varying degrees, and alleles have differing degrees of impact.
E. one gene can cancel out the effect of the environment.
Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 07.02
Topic: Genetics
- For a multifactorial, polygenic trait, the characteristic shape of the mathematical plot of frequency for each phenotype class is
A.linear, going up.
B. linear, going down.
C. a bell curve.
D. a square curve.
E. an ellipse.
Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 07.02
Topic: Genetics
- Polygenic traits are
A.determined a single gene.
B. determined more than one gene.
C. phenotypically different in different organisms.
D. associated with many symptoms.
E. determined genes on the same chromosome.
Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 07.02
Topic: Genetics
- The pattern of genetic transmission typical of a multifactorial trait is
A.discontinuous distributions such as 3:1.
B. that of Mendelian inheritance.
C. continuous variation of phenotypic expression.
D. a 9:3:3:1 ratio.
E. a 1:1 ratio.
Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 07.02
Topic: Genetics
- “Total ridge count” is
A.a multifactorial trait that considers the number of ridges in whorls, loops, or arches of the finger pad skin.
B. a single gene trait that counts the number of ridges in the small intestine.
C. the number of wives of Ridge Forrester, a character on “The Bold and the Beautiful.”
D. a polygenic trait that considers the number of lines of pigment in the irises.
E. the number of kinks in a particular extended DNA sequence.
Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 07.02
Topic: Genetics
- Fingerprint pattern is inherited, but also affected the environment. An example of how the environment naturally can alter fingerprint pattern is
A.a criminal taking off the fingertip skin with acid.
B. rubbing the prints off using ones hands to climb mountains.
C. a fetus touching the developing toe and finger pads to the wall of the amniotic sac.
D. cancer of the digits.
E. the fingertips rubbing away from too much computer use.
Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 07.02
Topic: Genetics
- Average height of college students increased throughout the 20th century because
A.more students attended college.
B. more tall students attended college.
C. more short students went into military service instead of college.
D. nutrition improved greatly in that time.
E. many mutations conferring great height occurred during that time period.
Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 07.02
Topic: Genetics
- The number of genes that affect skin, hair, and eye color is about
A.4.
B. 8.
C. 20.
D. 100.
E. the entire genome.
Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 07.02
Topic: Genetics
- People with very light skin have _________
A.more melanocytes than people with very dark skin.
B. fewer melanocytes than people with very dark skin.
C. about the same number of melanocytes as people with very dark skin.
D. red melanocytes.
E. no melanocytes.
Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 07.02
Topic: Genetics
- Skin color is not a good way to distinguish “races” of people because
A.it can be changed environmental factors.
B. it is but one of many traits that vary within and between human populations.
C. it is not inherited.
D. it changes over a person’s lifetime.
E. there are too many variations to keep track of.
Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 07.02
Topic: Genetics
- Jermaine is a young African-American who has symptomatic hepatitis C, a chronic liver infection. One of his roommates, Eric, also has hepatitis C, and is receiving alpha interferon.
When Jermaine asks his doctor about getting the treatment, the doctor says it is only prescribed for white patients. The mistake that this doctor is making is that
A.population-based drug-ethnic/racial group associations may not apply to individuals.
B. he is a bigot.
C. hepatitis C has nothing to do with skin color.
D. he doesn’t know Eric’s race.
E. Jermaine might do better with delta interferon.
Difficulty: Apply/Analyze
Section: 07.02
Topic: Genetics
- Empiric risk is based on ______, which is ___________.
A.prevalence; rate at which a certain event occurs
B. incidence; rate at which a certain event occurs
C. prevalence; proportion of individuals in a population with a particular disorder at a specific time.
D. incidence; proportion of individuals in a population with a particular disorder at a specific time.
E. Mendelian inheritance; the transmission pattern of a single-gene trait.
Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics
- Traditional ways of evaluating multifactorial traits include
A.empiric risk and heritability.
B. Punnett squares and pedigrees.
C. surveys that ask people what they have been exposed to.
D. tests for several Mendelian traits or diseases.
E. IQ tests and assessments of athletic performance.
Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics
- The empiric risk to a family member of an affected individual developing a disorder caused a multifactorial trait
A.decreases with severity of the disorder.
B. increases with fewer affected family members.
C. decreases in larger families.
D. increases with increasing relatedness to affected individuals.
E. remains the same in a population.
Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics
- The empiric risk that the monozygotic twin of a person with cleft lip also has cleft lift is ___ times the risk to a member of the general population who has no relatives with cleft lip.
A.4
B. 40
C. 100
D. 400
E. 0
Difficulty: Apply/Analyze
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics
- Heritability refers to
A.the genetic contribution to a phenotype in a population at a particular time.
B. the genetic contribution to the variability of a phenotype in a population at a particular time.
C. the number of genes contributing to a trait in a population.
D. the penetrance of the genes contributing to a trait in a population.
E. the degree to which offspring resemble parents.
Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics
- In humans, heritability of clubfoot is 0.8. This means that expression of this condition is
A.strongly influenced environmental factors.
B. solely dependent on inheritance of the clubfoot gene(s).
C. strongly dependent on inheritance of the clubfoot gene(s) but also influenced environmental factors.
D. inherited from an affected parent 80% of the time.
E. seen in 4 out of 5 children in a family.
Difficulty: Apply/Analyze
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics
- Heritability of a trait can change because
A.genes mutate.
B. new SNPs form.
C. the environment can change.
D. a person can consciously change her or his heritability.
E. the heritability in a family changes with the number of children.
Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics
- The coefficient of relatedness indicates
A.the number of relatives with a certain trait.
B. the proportion of genes that types of relatives share.
C. the heritability of a trait.
D. the number of genes responsible for a polygenic trait.
E. the number of alleles of the genes that are responsible for a polygenic trait.
Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics
- Geneticists designate heritability as “narrow” or “broad” to account for the fact that
A.genes contribute to different degrees. Typically, recessive alleles are rare and can have a large impact and dominant alleles tend to be common with minor but additive effects.
B. genes contribute to different degrees. Typically, dominant alleles are rare and have a small impact and recessive alleles tend to be common, each with major effects.
C. genes that determine body weight also affect many other phenotypes.
D. genes contribute to different degrees. Typically, dominant alleles are rare and can have a large impact and recessive alleles tend to be common with minor but additive effects.
E. dominant and recessive alleles have equal impact, but dominant alleles are more common than recessive alleles.
Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics
- To date, the most informative studies on how and to what degree heredity and the environment influence human traits have relied on data from
A.adopted children and their biological parents.
B. monozygotic twins reared in the same environment.
C. dizygotic twins reared apart.
D. monozygotic twins separated at birth.
E. Egyptian mummies.
Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics
- A brother and sister share ___ percent of their genes.
A.10
B. 25
C. 50
D. 100
E. 0
Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics
- Two brothers share ___ percent of their genes.
A.10
B. 25
C. 50
D. 100
E. 0
Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics
- The proportion of shared genes between a grandparent and grandchild is ___ percent.
A.10
B. 25
C. 50
D. 100
E. 0
Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics
- The DNA of dizygotic twins is
A.identical in the number and distribution of copy number variants, but not necessarily in sequence.
B. different in the number and distribution of copy number variants, but not necessarily in sequence.
C. identical in the number and distribution of copy number variants and in sequence.
D. different in the number and distribution of copy number variants and in sequence.
E. as alike as the DNA of any two full siblings.
Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics
- The DNA of monozygotic twins is
A.identical in the number and distribution of copy number variants, but not necessarily in sequence.
B. different in the number and distribution of copy number variants, but identical in sequence.
C. identical in the number and distribution of copy number variants and in sequence.
D. different in the number and distribution of copy number variants and in sequence.
E. as alike as the DNA of any two full siblings.
Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics
- Concordance refers to
A.a type of airplane.
B. percentage of monozygotic twin pairs in which both express the trait.
C. percentage of dizygotic twin pairs in which both express the trait.
D. percentage of twin pairs in which both express a trait among pairs in which at least one twin has the trait.
E. the percentage of dizygotic twin pairs in which the members look identical.
Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics
- If a trait has a large inherited component, then concordance among monozygotic twins will be
A.considerably higher than that of dizygotic twins.
B. considerably lower than that of dizygotic twins.
C. about the same as that of dizygotic twins.
D. 100%.
E. 0%.
Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics
- An assumption of twin studies is that
A.twins are more intelligent than singletons.
B. both twins of a pair have had similar experiences.
C. the twins are monozygotic.
D. the twins are dizygotic.
E. the twins are the same age.
Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics
- A major distinction of genome-wide association studies, compared to the more traditional approaches of empiric risk, heritability, adoptee and twin studies, is that
A.GWA studies pepper the entire genome with markers, so that even genes that would not be expected to contribute to a phenotype can be discovered.
B. GWA studies actually sequence entire genomes.
C. GWA studies can be performed on healthy individuals.
D. GWA studies consider already-known traits.
E. GWA studies are conducted on RNA sequences.
Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 07.04
Topic: Genetics
- A cohort study looks at
A.a large group of people over time, keeping track of specific health conditions or measures.
B. large groups of DZ and MZ twins.
C. heritabilities of behavioral characteristics.
D. patterns of copy number variants in the human genome.
E. empiric risk of inborn errors of metabolism.
Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 07.04
Topic: Genetics
- A gene discovery technique that looks at regions of the genome where individuals have the same alleles much more often than expected chance, because their ancestors were blood relatives, is called
A.homozygosity mapping.
B. heterozygosity mapping.
C. the defective sibling pair approach.
D. empiric risk.
E. a genome-wide association study.
Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 07.04
Topic: Genetics
- Genome-wide association studies have identified approximately __ regions that appear to harbor genes that control body weight.
A.5
B. 50
C. 75
D. 200
E. 500
Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 07.05
Topic: Genetics
- Genes that help to control body weight encode the proteins
A.fibrin, fibrinogen, and hemoglobin.
B. collagen, elastin, and dystrophin.
C. estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone.
D. leptin, ghrelin, and the melanocortin-4 receptor.
E. glucosamine, chondroitin, and hyaluronic acid.
Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 07.05
Topic: Genetics
- A treatment to help a patient with a “wasting disease” such as AIDS or certain cancers might block that activity of
A.leptin.
B. neuropeptide Y.
C. ghrelin.
D. stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1.
E. insulin.
Difficulty: Evaluate/Create
Section: 07.05
Topic: Genetics
- Studies that implicate the environment in influencing body weight consider
A.indigenous populations where the people have lived in the same area for thousands of years and tend to all be thin.
B. populations that split, with some people remaining in the homeland and others moving to areas where their diet changes dramatically, and they gain a great deal of weight.
C. mice bred to be obese that are given different types of junk food.
D. SNPs located throughout the genome.
E. celebrities who can afford to have carefully controlled meals delivered to them every day.
Difficulty: Remember/Understand
Section: 07.05
Topic: Genetics
