Description
Lifespan Development 6th Edition Boyd Bee Test Bank
ISBN-13: 978-0205037520
ISBN-10: 0205037526
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Test Bank
Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
Multiple Choice Questions
1) Holding a pencil to write or draw requires which of the following?
- A) Gross motor skills
- B) Locomotion
- C) Grappling skills
- D) Fine motor skills
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 156
Topic: Growth and Motor Development
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.1
2) Dr. Sarrett is giving five-year-old Teesa a pre-kindergarten physical examination. When Dr. Sarrett asks Teesa to jump up and down and hop on one leg, what is the Doctor testing?
- A) Fine motor skills
- B) Gross motor skills
- C) Habituation response
- D) Intersensory integration
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 156
Topic: Growth and Motor Development
Skill: Applied
Objective: 7.1
3) During the preschool years, parents can expect their children to gain how many inches in height each year?
- A) 2-3 inches
- B) About an inch
- C) 1/2 – 1 inch
- D) 1-2 inches
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 156
Topic: Growth and Motor Development
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.1
4) Preschoolers gain an average of how many pounds per year?
- A) 2
- B) 3
- C) 4
- D) 6
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 156
Topic: Growth and Motor Development
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.1
5) Which of the following activities would a two-year-old be LEAST able to do?
- A) Hold a pencil between thumb and forefinger in the proper position for writing
- B) Run across the room with arms outstretched to a parent
- C) Pull a wagon up and down the sidewalk
- D) Turn the pages of a story book
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 156
Topic: Growth and Motor Development
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.1
6) Olive is four years old. She would be able to participate in which of the following activities?
- A) throwing and catching a ball
- B) playing hopscotch
- C) skipping using alternating feet
- D) playing complex piano sonatas using alternating hands
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 156
Topic: Growth and Motor Development
Skill: Applied
Objective: 7.1
7) At what age is a child typically able to run easily, climb on furniture unaided, pick up small objects, and throw a small ball while standing?
- A) 18-24 months
- B) 2-3 years
- C) 3-4 years
- D) 4-5 years
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 156
Topic: Growth and Motor Development
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.1
8) At what age can the average child begin to draw differentiated figures?
- A) 24 months
- B) 30 months
- C) 36 months
- D) 46 months
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 157
Topic: Growth and Motor Development
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.1
9) According to your text, early childhood is a period of optimum growth and maturation for which part of the brain?
- A) The parasympathetic nervous system
- B) The corpus callosum
- C) Synapses
- D) The sympathetic nervous system
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 157
Topic: The Brain and Nervous System
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.2
10) Which of the following terms describes when the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex undergo functional specialization?
- A) Lateralization
- B) Myelinization
- C) Functionalization
- D) Domination
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 157
Topic: The Brain and Nervous System
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.2
11) According to neuroscientists, what is the primary determinant of which functions will or will not be lateralized?
- A) Social experiences
- B) Physical experiences
- C) Genes
- D) The hippocampus
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 158
Topic: The Brain and Nervous System
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.2
12) What is the developmental process that is the impetus behind brain lateralization?
- A) Having diverse social experiences
- B) Learning and using language
- C) Practicing locomotor, nonlocomotor, and manipulative skills
- D) Socialization in social and cultural norms
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 158
Topic: The Brain and Nervous System
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.2
13) Which of the following brain structures regulates attention and concentration?
- A) Reticular formation
- B) Hippocampus
- C) Cerebral cortex
- D) Hypothalamus
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 158
Topic: The Brain and Nervous System
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.2
14) Infantile amnesia is most likely due to which of the following?
- A) Growth of the corpus callosum
- B) Maturation of the connections between the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex
- C) Massive pruning of the synapses in the hippocampus
- D) Lateralization of the right hemisphere
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 158
Topic: The Brain and Nervous System
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.2
15) A friend tells you that he has very vivid memories of an event that happened when they were two years old. Which of the following statements is probably true regarding this recollection?
- A) It may actually be a result of verbal recollections and story telling from adults in his life.
- B) Memories of events that were laid down in the brain prior to age 3 are usually accurate and complete.
- C) Theories of infantile amnesia would likely support your friend’s recollections.
- D) Research has shown that approximately 50% of adults can accurately and completely recall memories prior to age 3.
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 158
Topic: The Brain and Nervous System
Skill: Applied
Objective: 7.2
16) Approximately what percentage of people world-wide are left-handed?
- A) 14%
- B) 26%
- C) 45%
- D) 50%
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 158
Topic: The Brain and Nervous System
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.2
17) Recent research supports the theory that handedness is the result of which of the following?
- A) Social experiences
- B) Physical experiences
- C) Cultural norms
- D) Genetics
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 158
Topic: The Brain and Nervous System
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.2
18) Which of the following is true regarding nutrition during the early childhood years?
- A) Food aversions often develop during the preschool years.
- B) If a child seems to have no appetite, it is important to tempt the child to eat providing sweets or other preferred food.
- C) Young children eat more nutritiously than babies do.
- D) Most children consume the majority of their daily calories eating regular meals.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 159
Topic: Health and Wellness
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.3
19) What percentage of children in the U.S. are at risk of being overweight the time they start school?
- A) 8%
- B) 12%
- C) 16%
- D) 25%
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 159
Topic: Health and Wellness
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.3
20) Which of the following is a suggestion made pediatricians to help children develop effective bedtime practices?
- A) Allow the child to sleep with the parents on occasion.
- B) Eliminate transitional objects that have been reserved for bedtime.
- C) All children under age 13 should be in bed 6 pm
- D) Provide the child with a structured, predictable daytime schedule.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 159
Topic: Developmental Science at Home
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.3
21) What does your book suggest about children’s eating habits?
- A) If a child shows little appetite, allow him to eat his favorite foods for a while — even if they are sweets.
- B) Parents should set a regular pattern for meals and insist the child eat everything on her plate as a way of trying new things.
- C) Parents of young children should keep a daily food diary until the child is about 3 years old.
- D) Allow the child’s appetite to guide to how much food he eats.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 160
Topic: Health and Wellness
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.3
22) Which of the following children tend to be more prone to illness?
- A) Those who are less physically active
- B) Those who have difficult temperaments
- C) Those who live in stressful conditions
- D) Those who have insecure attachment
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 160
Topic: Health and Wellness
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.3
23) Parents can expect their pre-schoolers to get a cold
- A) 1-2 times a year.
- B) 3-4 times a year.
- C) 4-5 times a year.
- D) 6-7 times a year.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 160
Topic: Health and Wellness
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.3
24) What is the major cause of death of preschool and school-age children in the United States?
- A) Child abuse
- B) Congenital diseases
- C) Macronutrient malnutrition
- D) Accidents
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 160
Topic: Health and Wellness
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.3
25) Which of the following is correct with regard to child abuse in the United States?
- A) There are clearly defined criteria for what constitutes parental neglect or abuse.
- B) There are laws requiring that child abuse be reported to the authorities.
- C) There is a general consensus across cultures on what constitutes maltreatment of children.
- D) There is often a tendency to assume parents are the abusers.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 160
Topic: Abuse and Neglect
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.4
26) In the United States, most cases of child abuse involve which of the following?
- A) Sexual abuse
- B) Abandonment
- C) Neglect
- D) Physical injuries
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 161
Topic: Abuse and Neglect
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.4
27) Which of the following is an example of a socio-cultural influence that could make physical abuse of children more likely?
- A) The belief that children have rights
- B) Social norms for humane treatment of children
- C) The belief that children are property
- D) Stressful employment conditions
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 161
Topic: Abuse and Neglect
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.4
28) Stephen was abused before being placed in foster care. He frequently has nightmares about the abuse and even has flashbacks of the abuse during the day. He has difficulty concentrating at school and is falling behind academically. From which of the following is Stephen likely suffering?
- A) Generalized anxiety disorder
- B) Child neglect and abuse syndrome
- C) Depression
- D) Post-traumatic stress disorder
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 161
Topic: Abuse and Neglect
Skill: Applied
Objective: 7.4
29) Which of the following characteristics increases the risk that a child would be abused?
- A) Being taller and heavier than age peers
- B) Having higher intelligence
- C) Having a high activity level
- D) Having a difficult temperament
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 161
Topic: Abuse and Neglect
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.4
30) Which of the following is associated with a higher risk of child abuse?
- A) Parental depression
- B) Full-time employment
- C) Higher intelligence in the child
- D) Families with only one child
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 161
Topic: Abuse and Neglect
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.4
31) According to Piaget, at about age two, children begin to use which of the following in their thinking?
- A) Abstractions
- B) Symbols
- C) Operations
- D) Comparisons
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 162
Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.5
32) The understanding that one object or behavior can represent another defines which of the following functions?
- A) Symbiotic
- B) Semiotic
- C) Abstract
- D) Objective
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 162
Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.5
33) When Mickey was five, he gave his mother a dead frog for her birthday. Mickey didn’t understand why his mother didn’t like her gift, because he thought the frog was cool. This represents what type of thinking?
- A) Egocentric
- B) Polygenic
- C) Arbitrary
- D) Abstract
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 162
Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
Skill: Applied
Objective: 7.5
34) Which of Piaget’s stages is characterized symbolic representation and egocentrism?
- A) Postformal
- B) Formal operational
- C) Sensorimotor
- D) Preoperational
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 162
Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.5
35) Darius holds his hairbrush to his mouth and sings as if the hairbrush is a microphone. This is an example of what type of play?
- A) Associative
- B) First pretend
- C) Substitute pretend
- D) Abstract
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 163
Topic: Research Report
Skill: Applied
Objective: 7.5
36) All of the children on Hazel Street have spent the morning building a tree house from scraps of wood and other building materials acquired from a nearconstruction site. This is an example of
- A) sensorimotor play.
- B) substitute pretend play.
- C) sociodramatic play.
- D) constructive play.
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 163
Topic: Research Report
Skill: Applied
Objective: 7.5
37) Sylvia loves to play with her toy telephone. When she holds the receiver to her face and calls “Hi!”, she is engaging in which type of play?
- A) Sensorimotor
- B) First pretend play
- C) Substitute pretend play
- D) Rule-governed play
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 163
Topic: Research Report
Skill: Applied
Objective: 7.5
38) Which of the following is a type of play that demonstrates cognitive development consistent with the stages identified Piaget?
- A) Isolatory play
- B) Substitute pretend play
- C) Enigmatic play
- D) Creative exploratory play
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 163
Topic: Research Report
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.5
39) At about what age do children begin to prefer rule-governed or formal games?
- A) By age two
- B) By age three or four
- C) By age five or six
- D) From nine to twelve years of age
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 163
Topic: Research Report
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.5
40) Which of the following is true according to Piaget’s concept of conservation?
- A) The ability rarely occurs before age nine.
- B) The ability requires the ability to see the perspective of others.
- C) It means that a child will not be fooled an apparent change in volume if water is poured from a short, wide glass into a taller, thinner glass.
- D) It requires the ability to mentally manipulate symbolic external characteristics in the absence of visual cues.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 164
Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.5
41) Which of the following best describes centration?
- A) When a child focuses only on one aspect of a problem or situation at a time.
- B) When the child believes that everyone else thinks and feels as they do.
- C) When the child understands that an object’s quantity remains the same even if its shape changes.
- D) When the child believes that they are the center of the family.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 164
Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.5
42) A set of ideas that a child constructs to explain other people’s ideas, beliefs, desires, and behaviors is known which of the following?
- A) Perspective
- B) Theory of mind
- C) Metacognition
- D) Meta-awareness
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 166
Topic: Theories of Mind
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.7
43) Bryce and Tracy made their parents “breakfast” using the plastic food that came with their toy kitchen play center. They giggled because they knew their parents would be fooled until they tried to pick up the fake food. Their understanding that their parents would figure out the game when they had the plates in their hands is because Bryce and Tracy both understand
- A) the false belief principle.
- B) conservation.
- C) centration.
- D) egocentrism.
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 166
Topic: Theories of Mind
Skill: Applied
Objective: 7.7
44) In the studies Flavell (1999), children were presented with a box on which there were pictures of candy. Three and four-year-old children believed that the box contained candy. The children saw that the box contained crayons once it was opened. The three-year-old believed that other children would believe that the box contained crayons instead of candy. This demonstrates which principle?
- A) The theory of mind
- B) The false belief principle
- C) Underdevelopment of short-term memory
- D) Conservation
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 166
Topic: Theories of Mind
Skill: Applied
Objective: 7.7
45) Knowledge of words such as want, need, and think is associated with the development of
- A) the theory of mind.
- B) conservation.
- C) sensorimotor skills.
- D) centration.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 166
Topic: Theories of Mind
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.7
46) According to Case, working memory is also known as which of the following?
- A) Metamemory
- B) Short-term storage space
- C) Mid-range memory
- D) operational memory
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 167
Topic: Alternative Theories of Early Childhood Thinking
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.8
47) According to Case’s neo-Piagetian explanation of children’s cognitive development, the key limitation in the cognitive ability of a younger child, compared to an older child, is the younger child’s
- A) less operationally efficient short-term storage space for handling cognitive schemes.
- B) fewer and less diverse educational and social experiences.
- C) greater egocentrism.
- D) undeveloped theory of mind.
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 167
Topic: Alternative Theories of Early Childhood Thinking
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.8
48) Which of the following refers to a child’s ability to think about or evaluate the quality of her thinking?
- A) Critical thinking
- B) Intelligence
- C) Metacognition
- D) Operational efficiency
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 168
Topic: Alternative Theories of Early Childhood Thinking
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.8
49) What is the term which describes the ability to control and reflect on your own memory functions?
- A) Metamemory
- B) Abstract thinking
- C) Metacognition
- D) Semantic memory construction
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 168
Topic: Alternative Theories of Early Childhood Thinking
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.8
50) Evan is getting ready for bed. He knows that he must brush his teeth before putting on his pajamas. What is Evan demonstrating?
- A) A script
- B) Procedural memory
- C) Short-term memory
- D) Working memory
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 168
Topic: Alternative Theories of Early Childhood Thinking
Skill: Applied
Objective: 7.8
51) Which of the following is a stage in cognitive development from birth to age seven, according to Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development?
- A) Expressive stage
- B) Conservation stage
- C) Altruistic stage
- D) Egocentric speech stage
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 169
Topic: Alternative Theories of Early Childhood Thinking
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.8
52) A three-year-old child who uses language as a guide to solving problems, such as saying “Put it there” to himself as he builds a tower of blocks, is using which of the following?
- A) Egocentric scaffolding
- B) Naive psychology
- C) Social speech
- D) Private speech
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 169
Topic: Alternative Theories of Early Childhood Thinking
Skill: Applied
Objective: 7.8
53) According to Vygotsky, in which stage do infants learn through conditioning, until language begins to develop during the second year?
- A) Private speech stage
- B) Primitive stage
- C) Sociocultural stage
- D) Naive psychology stage
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 169
Topic: Alternative Theories of Early Childhood Thinking
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.8
54) Which of the following terms defines the ability to link new words to real world referents?
- A) Constructive thinking
- B) Concrete linguistics
- C) Referential abstracting
- D) Fast-mapping
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 170
Topic: Fast-Mapping
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.9
55) Approximately how many words will the average 30 month-old child have in their vocabulary?
- A) 250
- B) 400
- C) 500
- D) 600
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 170
Topic: Fast-Mapping
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.9
56) What is the drive that leads to the grammar explosion in children?
- A) Neural development
- B) Parent coaching
- C) Word learning
- D) Spelling bees
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 170
Topic: The Grammar Explosion
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.10
57) Inflections appearing in the form of adding “ing” to words are common among
- A) 2 1/2 to 3 year olds.
- B) 3 to 4 year olds.
- C) 3 1/2 to 5 year olds.
- D) 2 year olds.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 170
Topic: The Grammar Explosion
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.10
58) The use of verb forms or verb tenses (such as eating or ate from the verb eat) defines which of the following?
- A) Holophrases
- B) Inflections
- C) Generalization
- D) Appropriate extension
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 170
Topic: The Grammar Explosion
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.10
59) Which of the following best represents the earliest inflection used among children learning English, according to Roger Brown?
- A) “Come in.”
- B) “I ran.”
- C) “Doggie running.”
- D) “A cat.”
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 170
Topic: The Grammar Explosion
Skill: Applied
Objective: 7.10
60) When Simon says, “My hamster runned away,” he is using
- A) extended word meaning.
- B) overregularization.
- C) overextension of class.
- D) dialogic meaning.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 171
Topic: The Grammar Explosion
Skill: Applied
Objective: 7.10
61) When children have learned a basic rule of language, such as how to form a plural or a past tense, and then begin to apply the rule when it seems correct, even though it is incorrect, what are they doing?
- A) Overextending grammar
- B) Overregularizing
- C) Inflecting
- D) Generalizing
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 171
Topic: The Grammar Explosion
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.10
62) Which of the following terms describes a child’s sensitivity to the sound patterns that are specific to his language?
- A) Dialogic sensitivity
- B) Operational efficiency
- C) Phonological awareness
- D) Semantic acuity
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 171
Topic: Phonological Awareness
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.11
63) Which of the following activities would help a child develop phonological awareness?
- A) Memorization
- B) Listening to an adult speak a foreign language
- C) Dialogic reading
- D) Speaking a second language
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 171
Topic: Phonological Awareness
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.11
64) Which of the following is true regarding invented spelling?
- A) Children who use it before beginning formal schooling are more likely to become good spellers and readers later in childhood.
- B) Children should be discouraged from using it before they begin formal schooling.
- C) Children who use it are likely to develop learning disabilities.
- D) Children who use it too early are likely to be poor spellers throughout their lives.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 171-172
Topic: Phonological Awareness
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.11
65) How is the intelligence quotient calculated?
- A) CA/MA X 1
- B) MA/CA x 100%
- C) CA/MA x 100
- D) MA/CA x 100
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 172
Topic: Measuring Intelligence
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.12
66) Approximately what percentage of children will score within the average range of IQ testing?
- A) 20%
- B) 37%
- C) 67%
- D) 85%
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 173
Topic: Measuring Intelligence
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.12
67) Children whose IQ scores are below ________ are often referred to as retarded, and those who score above ________ are often called gifted.
- A) 75; 130
- B) 70 and who have problems with adaptive behavior; 130
- C) 70; 130 and show overt creativity
- D) 50; 100
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 173
Topic: Measuring Intelligence
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.12
68) The Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children (WISC-III) is divided into which two subgroups?
- A) Aptitude scale and ability scale
- B) Verbal scale and performance scale
- C) Mathematics and reading/language
- D) Qualitative and quantitative
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 173
Topic: Measuring Intelligence
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.12
69) Jona is taking a test which measures how efficiently he processes information. What type of scale is being used?
- A) Processing-speed scale
- B) Verbal scale
- C) Working memory scale
- D) Language scale
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 173
Topic: Measuring Intelligence
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.12
70) Which of the following is correct regarding the correlation between children’s test scores and their current or later grades in school?
- A) There is a weak correlation; about .10 to .20
- B) There is a negative and moderate correlation; about -.30 to -.40
- C) There is a strong positive correlation; about .50 to .60
- D) There is a nearly perfect correlation; about .95 to 1.00
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 173
Topic: Measuring Intelligence
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.12
71) Which of the following statements about the stability of children’s IQ scores is correct?
- A) Many children show little or no fluctuation in their IQ scores.
- B) Younger children often seem more intelligent than they are, and IQ scores on later tests typically fluctuate downward to a more accurate stable level.
- C) IQ scores do not fluctuate as a result of stresses, such as parental divorce, change in schools, or birth of a sibling.
- D) IQ scores are quite stable with correlations between year-to-year IQ scores in middle childhood typically in the range of .80.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 174
Topic: Measuring Intelligence
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.12
72) Researchers who have analyzed IQ scores of adopted twins have found that identical twins are more like one another in IQ than fraternal twins are. They also have found that IQs of adopted children are more strongly correlated with the IQs of their biological parents than with the IQs of their adoptive parents. These research results suggest
- A) that environment has no impact upon IQ.
- B) that intelligence has a genetic component.
- C) that a child’s intellectual capacity is fixed at birth.
- D) that a child’s biological heritage predicts her lifetime patterns of achievement and accomplishment.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 174
Topic: Origins of Individual Differences in Intelligence
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.13
73) Which of the following is NOT a behavior seen in the parents of children with high IQs?
- A) Talking to their children often
- B) Appropriately smiling and responding warmly to the child’s behavior
- C) Providing a stimulating environment
- D) Using computer games as part of their teaching repertoire
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 175
Topic: Origins of Individual Differences in Intelligence
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.13
74) Research shows which of the following to be true regarding children who are enrolled in Head Start or a similar enriched preschool program?
- A) They show no gains or positive effects beyond first grade as a result of their experiences.
- B) They are more likely to form secure attachment with teachers and other school officials.
- C) They are more likely to achieve in school and to graduate from high school.
- D) They lose any gains made the time they reach third grade.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 175
Topic: Origins of Individual Differences in Intelligence
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.13
75) Which of the following is a factual statement about racial differences in IQ test scores in the United States?
- A) African American children consistently score approximately 25 points lower than white children on IQ tests.
- B) Chinese and Japanese children consistently have higher scores on achievement tests, particularly the math and science sections of the tests.
- C) Differences between African American and other children are apparent in infant measures of intelligence or on measures of habituation, but become apparent the time children are two to three years old.
- D) The size of the difference in IQ scores between African American and white children is steadily increasing.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 176
Topic: Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.14
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
1) Dr. Robinson is giving five-year-old Deion a pre-kindergarten physical examination. When Dr. Robinson asks Deion to draw a picture of his house, Deion’s ________ are being assessed.
Answer: fine motor skills
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 156
Topic: Growth and Motor Development
Skill: Applied
Objective: 7.1
2) When the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex undergo functional specialization, it is called ________.
Answer: lateralization
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 157
Topic: The Brain and Nervous System
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.2
3) Left handedness accounts for ________% of the population.
Answer: 14
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 158
Topic: The Brain and Nervous System
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.2
4) In the United States, the major cause of death of preschool and school-age children is ________.
Answer: accidents
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 160
Topic: Health and Wellness
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.3
5) In the United States, most cases of child abuse involve ________ injuries.
Answer: physical
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 160
Topic: Abuse and Neglect
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.4
6) According to Piaget, at about age two, children begin to use ________ in their thinking.
Answer: symbols
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 162
Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.5
7) The inability to consider the perspective of others is called ________.
Answer: egocentrism
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 163
Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.5
8) Susie and Sally and their cousins Samuel and Stanley are playing “wedding.” They are using lace curtains for the bride’s dress, and each person has a role to play. This is an example of ________ play.
Answer: sociodramatic
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 163
Topic: Research Report
Skill: Applied
Objective: N/A
9) The ability to control and reflect on your own memory functions is called ________.
Answer: metamemory
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 168
Topic: Alternative Theories of Early Childhood Thinking
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.8
10) ________ are the actual objects and events that we use words to represent.
Answer: Referents
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 170
Topic: Fast-Mapping
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.9
11) When Simon says, “My hamster runned away,” he is using ________.
Answer: overregularization
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 171
Topic: The Grammar Explosion
Skill: Applied
Objective: 7.10
12) ________ is considered to be the average IQ.
Answer: 100
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 172
Topic: Measuring Intelligence
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.12
13) According to your text, despite strong genetic influences, an individual’s IQ score can vary within its ________, depending on environmental influences.
Answer: reaction range
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 176
Topic: Origins of Individual Differences in Intelligence
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.13
14) Flynn argues that many theorists neglect to include ________ beliefs when they claim a genetic predisposition for intelligence.
Answer: cultural
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 177
Topic: Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.14
Short Answer Questions
1) Give five examples of gross motor skills which should be developed the age of five years.
Answer: possibilities are many but may include: running, jumping, hopping, galloping, climbing, skipping
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 156
Topic: Growth and Motor Development
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.1
2) What is the basic function of the corpus callosum?
Answer: communication between hemispheres of the brain
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 157
Topic: The Brain and Nervous System
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.2
3) What is the major milestone in communication that occurs during Piaget’s preoperational stage?
Answer: the ability to use symbols in thinking and communicating
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 162
Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.5
4) Define constructive play.
Answer: the use of objects to build or construct things
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 163
Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.5
5) You give a three-year-old child a large plastic canister with pictures of blocks on it. The child shakes the canister and it rattles, but when she opens it she finds that it contains large beads. What will the child assume about the expectations of the next person who receives the canister? What is this phenomenon called?
Answer: false belief principle: the child will believe that the next person will believe that the canister contains beads even though there are pictures of blocks on it
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 166
Topic: Theories of Mind
Skill: Applied
Objective: 7.7
6) Define the terms short-term storage space and operational efficiency.
Answer: According to Case, STSS is the child’s working memory; OE is the maximum number of schemes that can be put into STSS
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 167
Topic: Alternative Theories of Early Childhood Thinking
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.8
7) If a child follows a certain procedure each morning when they get out of bed, what are they using?
Answer: scripts
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 168
Topic: Alternative Theories of Early Childhood Thinking
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.8
8) Who coined the term zone of proximal development and what does it mean?
Answer: Vygotsky; it is a time period during which a child is primed to learn a certain activity
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 168
Topic: Alternative Theories of Early Childhood Thinking
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.8
9) Define the concept of inflections. What is the most common inflection that English-speaking children will use first?
Answer: Inflections are added at the end of words to change their meaning; ing is the most common
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 170
Topic: The Grammar Explosion
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.10
10) What are the behaviors which may correlate with IQ scores at the low end of normal? How strong is this correlation?
Answer: delinquency in adolescence; adult illiteracy; criminal behavior; the correlation is moderately strong
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 174
Topic: Origins of Individual Differences in Intelligence
Skill: Applied
Objective: 7.13
11) What type of studies are of the greatest values in testing whether or not a behavior is genetically influenced?
Answer: twin studies, especially with identical twins separated at birth
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 174
Topic: Origins of Individual Differences in Intelligence
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.13
12) Define the concept of reaction range.
Answer: the genetic range which establishes upper and lower boundaries for traits or behaviors
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 176
Topic: Origins of Individual Differences in Intelligence
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.13
13) How do IQ scores of young children differ from those of older children or adults?
Answer: They tend to be less stable.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 178
Topic: No Easy Answers
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: N/A
Essay Questions
1) Explain infantile amnesia, its causes and characteristics
Answer: This refers to the inability of most people to remember events that happened prior to the age of 3 years; it occurs because of maturation and myelination of the connections between the hippocampus and cerebral cortex.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 158
Topic: The Brain and Nervous System
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.2
2) List and explain five bedtime practices that parents can use to condition a child to sleep in their own bed.
Answer: provide the child with a structured, predictable daytime schedule and stick to it; set a regular bedtime which allows for 8 – 10 hours of sleep; discontinue daytime naps if the child has difficulty falling asleep or awakens too early; establish a routine of “settling activities” such as a bath, reading a book, goodnight kiss, etc.; provide the child with a transitional object such as a doll or stuffed animal which is reserved for bedtime
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 159
Topic: Developmental Science at Home
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.2
3) Identify the sociocultural factors which may contribute to child abuse.
Answer: cultures which view children as property; cultures which believe that there are no moral limits regarding the parents’ behavior toward the child; general acceptance that extreme punishment is not abuse
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 160
Topic: Abuse and Neglect
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.4
4) Summarize key features of the developmental sequences of children’s play from one year to six years of age, as discussed in your text.
Answer: Constructive play: building or constructing things from objects
First pretend play: use of symbols or pretending to use objects that aren’t really there
Substitute pretend play: the use of objects to represent other objects
Sociodramatic play: imitating other people in imaginary play
Rule-governed play: formal game playing with rules
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 163
Topic: Research Report
Skill: Factual
Objective: N/A
5) Identify and describe Vygotsky’s stages of cognitive development from birth to age 7.
Answer: primitive stage = mental processes similar to those of lower animals; child learns primarily through conditioning until language develops in the 2nd year; naive psychology stage = use of language but lacking understand of its symbolic characteristics; private speech stage = language used as a guide to solve problems; ingrowth stage = internalization of speech routines acquired from older children and adults in the world around them and interaction with the physical world
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 168-169
Topic: Alternative Theories of Early Childhood Thinking
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.8
6) Why should parents be concerned about their child’s phonological awareness? How can parents help their child develop phonological awareness?
Answer: Phonological awareness is the child’s sensitivity to the sound patterns that are specific to their acquired language(s); studies show that greater phonological awareness before starting formal education correlates with greater reading and speaking ability when a child starts formal education.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 171
Topic: Phonological Awareness
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.11
7) Explain the normal curve as it relates to IQ scores. What is the range of normal to abnormal IQ scores?
Answer: The normal curve uses standard deviations to demonstrate the distribution of IQ scores. 67% – 68% of people fall in the majority (the “normal”) range of IQ which is between 70 and 130.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 173
Topic: Measuring Intelligence
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.12
8) Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of IQ testing.
Answer: The research indicates that IQ testing is useful in children who are showing signs of learning problems or disabilities; the use of routine IQ testing of all children is not helpful because of the instability of the scores in young children and the labeling phenomenon that happens when parents and teachers are aware of their childrens’ IQ scores; children are treated differently based on their IQ scores
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 178
Topic: No Easy Answers
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: N/A
MyDevelopmentLab Essay Questions
1) Apply at least three theoretical concepts to the behaviors and characteristics of the victim portrayed in the video.
Answer: There are many behaviors and traits that can be discussed here:
– the paradox of the child loving the abuser and not wanting him to leave
– the repression and suppression of the memories and pretending that it isn’t happening or didn’t happen, also the secret-keeping
– maternal enabling of the behavior through her own denial and intentional or non intentional support of the perpetrator
– PTSD flashbacks, fears of her wedding night, concerns about intimacy, loss of trust, etc.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: MDL
Topic: Watch: Child Abuse: Mandatory Reporting
Skill: Applied
Objective: 7.4
MyDevelopmentLab Study Plan Questions
1) As children’s motor skills develop and change, their gross motor skills show signs of ___________________, allowing them to perform behaviors without having to think about them.
Answer: automaticity
Diff: 3 Page Ref: MDL
Topic: Watch: The Growing Child
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.1
2) Walking, running, and skipping become more fluid as the activity levels peak between the ages of _________.
Answer: 2-3
Diff: 2 Page Ref: MDL
Topic: Watch: The Growing Child
Skill: Applied
Objective: 7.1
3) The principle that an object’s quantity remains the same even though its shape may change is called ________. Children in Piaget’s ________ stage are able to understand this principle.
Answer: conservation; concrete operational
Diff: 2 Page Ref: MDL
Topic: Watch: Conservation of Liquids
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 7.5
4) Which of the following statements is true regarding relationship and IQ scores?
- A) Identical twins will have weakly correlated IQ scores if they are raised apart.
- B) Adopted children raised in a household with high IQ parents will have IQ scores very similar to their adoptive parents.
- C) Identical twins raised together are likely to have strongly correlated IQ scores.
- D) Non-identical siblings’ IQ scores will correlate at the .85 level.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: MDL
Topic: Explore: Correlations Between IQ Scores of Persons
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.13
5) When the IQ scores of identical twins who are raised together are compared, the correlation coefficient is approximately ________.
Answer: .90
Diff: 2 Page Ref: MDL
Topic: Explore: Correlations Between IQ Scores of Persons
Skill: Factual
Objective: 7.13