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Microbiology with Diseases by Body System 3rd Edition Bauman Test Bank
ISBN-13: 978-0321712714
ISBN-10: 0321712714
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Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, 3e (Bauman)
Chapter 18 AIDS and Other Immune Disorders
18.1 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) Which of the following is NOT considered a hypersensitivity reaction?
- A) a rash caused by poison ivy
- B) immune system attack on the thyroid gland
- C) itchy eyes and a runny nose in a dusty environment
- D) dermatitis at the site of a metal watchband
- E) breaking into hives after eating strawberries
Answer: B
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Hypersensitivities
2) Which of the following immunoglobulins is produced by plasma cells in response to an allergen?
- A) IgA
- B) IgD
- C) IgE
- D) IgG
- E) IgM
Answer: C
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Hypersensitivities
3) Which of the following allergic reactions is the result of type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity?
- A) runny nose triggered by pollen
- B) dermatitis in response to latex gloves
- C) sensitivity to pet dander
- D) skin irritation after wearing wool
- E) breathing difficulties after exposure to mold spores
Answer: B
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Hypersensitivities
4) Which of the following is a connective tissue cell which produces leukotrienes and prostaglandins?
- A) neutrophil
- B) basophil
- C) eosinophil
- D) lymphocyte
- E) mast cell
Answer: E
Bloom’s Rank: Knowledge
Section: Hypersensitivities
5) Which of the following is an example of a type I hypersensitivity reaction?
- A) watery eyes after exposure to animal dander
- B) destruction of red blood cells after an incompatible blood transfusion
- C) farmer’s lung
- D) deposition of immune complexes in the glomeruli of the kidneys
- E) the tuberculin response
Answer: A
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Hypersensitivities
6) When mast cells degranulate and release histamine, which of the following events may occur?
- A) constriction of small blood vessels
- B) bronchial spasms
- C) increased mucus production
- D) constriction of small blood vessels and bronchial spasms
- E) bronchial spasms and increased mucus production
Answer: E
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Hypersensitivities
7) Which of the following substances released during a type I hypersensitivity reaction stimulates the release of eosinophils from the bone marrow?
- A) peptides
- B) prostaglandins
- C) leukotrienes
- D) histamine
- E) proteases
Answer: A
Bloom’s Rank: Knowledge
Section: Hypersensitivities
8) Which of the following bind the constant region of IgE?
- A) eosinophils
- B) mast cells
- C) monocytes
- D) mast cells and monocytes
- E) eosinophils and mast cells
Answer: E
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Hypersensitivities
9) What is the function of the proteases released when mast cells degranulate?
- A) destruction of nearby cells and activation of the complement system
- B) increased vascular permeability
- C) contraction of smooth muscle in the lungs and gastrointestinal tract
- D) increased production of tears and saliva
- E) stimulation of nerve endings, causing itching and pain
Answer: A
Bloom’s Rank: Knowledge
Section: Hypersensitivities
10) How can type I allergic reactions be diagnosed?
- A) by encouraging the patient to visit rural areas during pollen season
- B) by injecting very small quantities of dilute solutions of suspected allergens under the skin
- C) by mixing antigens and antibodies with red blood cells
- D) by injecting a protein solution from Mycobacterium tuberculosis under the skin
- E) by taking a biopsy from the kidney to detect the deposition of immune complexes
Answer: B
Bloom’s Rank: Knowledge
Section: Hypersensitivities
11) Which antibody can cross the placenta and cause hemolytic disease of the newborn?
- A) IgA
- B) IgD
- C) IgE
- D) IgG
- E) IgM
Answer: D
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Hypersensitivities
12) The glycoprotein and glycolipid molecules on the surface of red blood cells
- A) stimulate the production of antibodies that contribute to the development of a transfusion reaction.
- B) act to transport glucose and ions across the cytoplasmic membrane.
- C) cause degranulation of the cell when it is exposed to allergens.
- D) function as a binding site for IgD.
- E) act as receptors for foreign antigens and trigger an early immune response.
Answer: A
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Hypersensitivities
13) An accident victim receives a blood transfusion. Shortly thereafter, he begins to have difficulty breathing, develops a fever, and experiences nausea and vomiting. Which of the following is the most likely interpretation of these events?
- A) the blood transfusion was mismatched.
- B) the blood transfusion contained pyrogens.
- C) the recipient had previously been exposed to the foreign blood group antigens.
- D) the blood transfusion was mismatched and contained pyrogens.
- E) the blood transfusion was mismatched, and the recipient had previously been exposed to the foreign blood group antigens.
Answer: E
Bloom’s Rank: Application
Section: Hypersensitivities
14) Which of the following statements concerning the Rh factor is FALSE?
- A) It is an antibody found in humans and rhesus monkeys.
- B) It is present on the surface of the red blood cells of 85% of humans.
- C) Preexisting antibodies do not occur.
- D) Rh antibodies are less abundant than the ABO antibodies.
- E) 85% of the population is Rh negative.
Answer: E
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Hypersensitivities
15) Which of the following could result in hemolytic disease of the newborn?
- A) Rh-negative mother and Rh-negative father
- B) Rh-positive mother and Rh-positive father
- C) Rh-positive mother and Rh-negative father
- D) Rh-negative mother and Rh-positive father
- E) Rh-positive mother and Rh-negative father or Rh-negative mother and Rh-positive father
Answer: D
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Hypersensitivities
16) An agricultural worker experiences difficulty breathing which becomes progressively worse. Tests show inflammation and damage of the lung tissue, but IgE antibodies and granulocytes are in the normal ranges. With which disorder of the immune system are these signs and symptoms consistent?
- A) allergic reaction
- B) type III (immune complex-mediated) hypersensitivity
- C) type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity
- D) autoimmunity
- E) acquired immunodeficiency
Answer: B
Bloom’s Rank: Application
Section: Hypersensitivities
17) If circulating immune complexes are deposited in the glomeruli, the ensuing type III hypersensitivity reaction can result in
- A) allergic contact dermatitis.
- B) pneumonitis.
- C) kidney damage.
- D) multiple sclerosis.
- E) rheumatoid arthritis.
Answer: C
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Hypersensitivities
18) Grafting skin from one area of the body to another in order to cover a burn is considered
- A) a xenograft.
- B) an allograft.
- C) an isograft.
- D) a dermograft.
- E) an autograft.
Answer: E
Bloom’s Rank: Knowledge
Section: Hypersensitivities
19) A small amount of antigen is injected under the skin of a patient. After 30 minutes there is no apparent change at the injection site, but 36 hours later the patient reports that the area is red and swollen. This type of response is due to
- A) type I hypersensitivity.
- B) type II hypersensitivity.
- C) type III hypersensitivity.
- D) type IV hypersensitivity.
- E) immunodeficiency.
Answer: D
Bloom’s Rank: Application
Section: Hypersensitivities
20) Which of the following causes graft-versus-host disease?
- A) bone marrow transplant
- B) kidney transplant
- C) skin transplant from one location in the body to another or from one identical twin to another
- D) cornea transplant
- E) an Rh-positive fetus in the uterus of an Rh-positive mother
Answer: A
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Hypersensitivities
21) A young woman comes into the clinic complaining of itchy, red skin and swelling on her arms and legs. She had not been in any parks or wooded areas recently, but she had been shopping. A blood sample reveals elevated levels of granulocytes. What treatment is the physician likely to prescribe at this point?
- A) corticosteroids
- B) cyclophosphamide
- C) interferon
- D) methotrexate
- E) antihistamines
Answer: E
Bloom’s Rank: Application
Section: Hypersensitivities
22) If a T cell is exposed to a “hidden” antigen, what kind of immune reaction will result?
- A) an autoimmune disease
- B) a delayed hypersensitivity reaction
- C) a cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction
- D) allergic contact dermatitis
- E) an allergy
Answer: A
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Autoimmune Diseases
23) A person comes to the clinic complaining of aching joints and muscles, swelling, and a decrease in urine output. The clinician also notes a rash on the skin of the face. A probable diagnosis is
- A) pneumonitis.
- B) immunodeficiency.
- C) systemic lupus erythematosus.
- D) dermatitis.
- E) Graves’ disease.
Answer: C
Bloom’s Rank: Application
Section: Hypersensitivities
24) Which of the following statements concerning rheumatoid arthritis is correct?
- A) It occurs in humans and animals.
- B) The symptoms are due to damage caused by cytotoxic T cells.
- C) There is no genetic influence on the likelihood of developing RA.
- D) Accumulations of antibody complexes lead to inflammation and destruction of the joints.
- E) The onset of disease is clearly correlated with having been infected with a specific microbe.
Answer: D
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Hypersensitivities
25) Primary immunodeficiency diseases
- A) develop later in life.
- B) are detectable close to birth.
- C) may be caused by malnutrition.
- D) are never associated with genetic defects.
- E) are sometimes caused by severe stress.
Answer: B
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Immunodeficiency Diseases
26) Which of the following would test positive for the tuberculin response?
- A) someone who has previously had tuberculosis
- B) someone who has been immunized with the tuberculosis vaccine
- C) someone who has previously been injected subcutaneously with tuberculin
- D) someone who has been immunized with the tuberculosis vaccine or has previously had tuberculosis
- E) someone who has been immunized with the tuberculosis vaccine or previously been injected subcutaneously with tuberculin
Answer: D
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Hypersensitivities
27) What is the underlying problem in most acquired immunodeficiencies?
- A) declining cell-mediated immunity
- B) declining humoral immunity
- C) production of autoantibodies
- D) eosinophilia
- E) anemia
Answer: A
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Immunodeficiency Diseases
28) Which of the following statements regarding cyclosporine is FALSE?
- A) It is useful in preventing allograft rejection.
- B) It is active on resting and activated T cells.
- C) It is produced by fungi.
- D) It is less toxic than cyclophosphamide.
- E) It is sometimes used in combination with steroids.
Answer: B
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Hypersensitivities
29) A child has a history of repeated severe infections and frequently has recurring infections with the same bacterial pathogen. A blood sample shows some lymphopenia, and serological tests are negative. Based on this information, which of the following is the best diagnosis for this child?
- A) Bruton-type agammaglobulinemia
- B) DiGeorge syndrome
- C) severe combined immune deficiency (SCID)
- D) systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- E) hemolytic disease of the newborn
Answer: A
Bloom’s Rank: Application
Section: Immunodeficiency Diseases
30) Immune thrombocytopenic purpura is
- A) a drug induced cytotoxic reaction.
- B) an autoimmune disease.
- C) a delayed hypersensitivity reaction.
- D) a cell-mediated immune reaction.
- E) a type of immunodeficiency.
Answer: A
Bloom’s Rank: Knowledge
Section: Hypersensitivities
31) Hypotheses explaining the development of autoimmune disease include
- A) molecular mimicry.
- B) genetic factors.
- C) hormonal stimulation of cytotoxic T cells.
- D) anaphylactic shock triggered by molecular mimicry.
- E) molecular mimicry, genetic factors, and hormonal stimulation of cytotoxic T cells.
Answer: E
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Autoimmune Diseases
32) Multiple sclerosis is
- A) an autoimmune disease in which cytotoxic T cells attack the myelin sheath of neurons.
- B) a genetic birth defect of the nervous system.
- C) a type of allergy to myelin.
- D) the formation of antibodies against transplanted tissue.
- E) the development of neurological disease due to the deposition of immune complexes in nerves.
Answer: A
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Autoimmune Diseases
33) Which condition occurs when antibodies bind to and stimulate receptors that elicit production of thyroid hormone and growth of the thyroid gland?
- A) multiple sclerosis
- B) Graves’ disease
- C) DiGeorge syndrome
- D) type I diabetes
- E) farmer’s lung
Answer: B
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Autoimmune Diseases
34) The tuberculin response is mediated by
- A) memory T cells.
- B) mast cells.
- C) B lymphocytes.
- D) plasma cells.
- E) eosinophils.
Answer: A
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Hypersensitivities
35) Which of the following statements concerning allografts is correct?
- A) They are the best type of transplants because they are not associated with rejection.
- B) They induce strong type IV hypersensitivity reactions and must be treated with immunosuppressive drugs.
- C) They always require complete destruction of the recipient’s bone marrow cells.
- D) They are impossible to perform because the antigens between donor and recipient are so different.
- E) They are the rarest type of transplants.
Answer: B
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Hypersensitivities
36) The disorder known as DiGeorge syndrome is a form of
- A) autoimmune disease.
- B) immune complex—mediated hypersensitivity.
- C) immediate hypersensitivity.
- D) immunodeficiency.
- E) delayed hypersensitivity.
Answer: D
Bloom’s Rank: Knowledge
Section: Immunodeficiency Diseases
37) Type I diabetes is a(n)
- A) autoimmune disease.
- B) immunodeficiency disease.
- C) immune complex—mediated hypersensitivity disorder.
- D) delayed hypersensitivity disorder.
- E) immediate hypersensitivity disorder.
Answer: A
Bloom’s Rank: Knowledge
Section: Autoimmune Diseases
38) Treatment with which of the following may result in acquired immunodeficiency?
- A) corticosteroids
- B) interferon
- C) azathioprine
- D) antihistamine
- E) RhoGAM
Answer: A
Bloom’s Rank: Knowledge
Section: Immunodeficiency Diseases
39) HIV, the virus responsible for AIDS, is a member of what family?
- A) Picornaviridae
- B) Herpesviridae
- C) Poxviridae
- D) Retroviridae
- E) Rhinoviridae
Answer: D
Bloom’s Rank: Knowledge
Section: Immunodeficiency Diseases
40) Which of the following cells is NOT a target for HIV infection?
- A) monocytes
- B) cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- C) helper T lymphocytes
- D) dendritic cells
- E) microglia
Answer: B
Bloom’s Rank: Knowledge
Section: Immunodeficiency Diseases
41) The HIV genome encodes a variety of proteins required for successful infection. Which of the following enzymes contributes to the antigenic variation characteristic of this virus?
- A) integrase
- B) protease
- C) gp41
- D) reverse transcriptase
- E) RNA polymerase
Answer: D
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Immunodeficiency Diseases
42) Opportunistic infections typical of AIDS but rare otherwise include
- A) tuberculosis.
- B) Pneumocystis
- C) Kaposi’s sarcoma.
- D) tuberculosis and shingles.
- E) Pneumocystis pneumonia and Kaposi’s sarcoma.
Answer: E
Bloom’s Rank: Knowledge
Section: Immunodeficiency Diseases
43) Which of the following proteins is NOT a target of ART?
- A) reverse transcriptase
- B) integrase
- C) protease
- D) gp120
- E) both gp120 and integrase
Answer: D
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Immunodeficiency Diseases
44) A young woman is experiencing persistent diarrhea that is at times bloody, and a nagging cough with shortness of breath. She has slight fever, but no rash. A blood test reveals normal leukocyte levels except for low levels of lymphocytes. Antibody titers are normal. The patient reports that she is currently monogamous, but previously “played around a bit,” and her mother has SLE. Which immune system disorder is this information consistent with?
- A) systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- B) AIDS
- C) chronic granulomatous disease
- D) Bruton-type agammaglobulinemia
- E) hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Answer: B
Bloom’s Rank: Application
Section: Immunodeficiency Diseases
45) Which of the following bodily fluids is primarily responsible for vertical transmission of HIV?
- A) saliva
- B) semen
- C) breast milk
- D) vaginal secretions
- E) blood
Answer: C
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Immunodeficiency Diseases
18.2 True/False Questions
1) Normally, complement-activating immune complexes are eliminated from the body by phagocytosis.
Answer: TRUE
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Hypersensitivities
2) In most cases, production of antibodies against foreign ABO antigens is stimulated by exposure to foreign blood cells.
Answer: FALSE
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Hypersensitivities
3) MHC genes are significant genetic factors in predisposition to develop autoimmune disease.
Answer: TRUE
Bloom’s Rank: Knowledge
Section: Hypersensitivities
4) The tuberculin response is an example of allergic contact dermatitis.
Answer: FALSE
Bloom’s Rank: Knowledge
Section: Hypersensitivities
5) Children with Bruton-type agammaglobulinemia are highly susceptible to recurrent bacterial infections.
Answer: TRUE
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Immunodeficiency Diseases
6) Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disease resulting from accumulation of immune complexes in various organs and tissues.
Answer: TRUE
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Hypersensitivities
7) If an Rh-positive woman marries an Rh-negative man, their children are at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn.
Answer: FALSE
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Hypersensitivities
8) Infection with certain viruses may lead to the development of type I diabetes.
Answer: TRUE
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Autoimmune Diseases
9) Xenografts are tissue transplants from one individual to another within the same species.
Answer: FALSE
Bloom’s Rank: Knowledge
Section: Hypersensitivities
10) Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is an effective cure for HIV infection.
Answer: FALSE
Bloom’s Rank: Knowledge
Section: Immunodeficiency Diseases
18.3 Short Answer Questions
1) When bone marrow is transplanted, the donated bone marrow cells regard the patient’s cells as foreign, a condition referred to as __________ -versus-host disease.
Answer: graft
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Hypersensitivities
2) Rheumatoid arthritis is a type __________ hypersensitivity reaction that results when B cells produce autoantibodies that damage the cartilage in the joints. (Use roman numerals in your answer.)
Answer: III
Bloom’s Rank: Knowledge
Section: Hypersensitivities
3) Although autoantibodies to nucleic acids are characteristic of __________, many other autoantibodies are produced. (Be sure to use all capital letters in your answer.)
Answer: SLE
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Hypersensitivities
4) Critically low levels of CD lymphocytes are a key diagnostic indicator of __________. (Be sure to use capital letters appropriately.)
Answer: AIDS
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Immunodeficiency Diseases
5) Type I hypersensitivity reactions are also commonly known as __________.
Answer: allergies
Bloom’s Rank: Knowledge
Section: Hypersensitivities
6) Binding of IgE to the surface of sensitized cells leads to __________ of the cell, releasing many inflammatory chemicals.
Answer: degranulation
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Hypersensitivities
7) The __________ released in an immediate hypersensitivity reaction leads to the destruction of nearby cells and the activation of the complement system.
Answer: proteases
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Hypersensitivities
8) When the release of chemicals in an allergic reaction exceeds the body’s ability to adjust, a life-threatening condition called __________ may occur.
Answer: anaphylaxis
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Hypersensitivities
9) Stress may result in the production of __________, which may lead to acquired immunodeficiency disease.
Answer: corticosteroids
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Immunodeficiency Diseases
10) When the donor’s blood group antigens stimulate the production of antibodies in the recipient, __________ reactions occur.
Answer: transfusion
Bloom’s Rank: Knowledge
Section: Hypersensitivities
11) One feature of hemolytic disease of the newborn is excessive __________, which leads to jaundice in the newborn.
Answer: bilirubin
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Hypersensitivities
12) A graft that is from one identical twin to another is a(n) __________.
Answer: isograft
Bloom’s Rank: Knowledge
Section: Hypersensitivities
13) Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disease that affects the __________ gland.
Answer: thyroid
Bloom’s Rank: Knowledge
Section: Autoimmune Diseases
14) Immunological attack on the islets of Langerhans resulting in the inability to produce insulin leads to type __________ diabetes Mellitus. (Use roman numerals in your answer.)
Answer: I
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Autoimmune Diseases
15) Failure of the __________ to develop results in DeGeorge syndrome.
Answer: thymus
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Immunodeficiency Diseases
18.4 Essay Questions
1) Compare and contrast type I hypersensitivity with type IV hypersensitivity with respect to reaction time, mediators, and cells involved.
Answer: Type I (immediate) hypersensitivity is very quick. The reaction time can be seconds to minutes after exposure to the allergen. This type of hypersensitivity starts with a prior sensitization to the allergen during which IgE specific for the allergen is produced. The IgE that is made binds to mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils. The response can be either local or systemic and is due to a subsequent exposure to the allergen. Upon subsequent exposure, the allergen binds to the IgE on mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils, causing them to degranulate and release a variety of inflammatory molecules, including histamines, kinins, proteases, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins.
Type IV (delayed or cell-mediated) hypersensitivity has a much slower reaction time. It takes 12-24 hours to start developing. Antigen does not bind to antibody; it binds to antigen-presenting cells and T cells. As with type I, a type IV response is due to a prior exposure, but in the case of the type IV hypersensitivity, memory T cells are produced. In both type I and type IV hypersensitivities, inflammation is a common result.
Bloom’s Rank: Analysis
Section: Hypersensitivities
2) Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Graves’ disease are autoimmune diseases involving the thyroid, but Hashimoto’s results in hypothyroidism (low thyroid function), whereas Graves’ results in hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). Both diseases are characterized by antithyroid antibodies. Discuss ways in which the autoimmune responses may produce the different outcomes.
Answer: In Graves’ disease, the antithyroid antibodies react with receptors on the cells and stimulate their activity, leading to hyperthyroidism. In Hashimoto’s disease, the antibodies targeting the thyroid cells either damage the ability of the cells to function or trigger cytotoxic attack on the cells of the thyroid, which is eventually damaged to the point of loss of function.
Bloom’s Rank: Analysis
Section: Autoimmune Diseases
3) The virus responsible for AIDS was identified in 1983, and since that time scientists have been working to develop a vaccine to prevent HIV infection. Discuss the reasons why a safe and effective vaccine is not yet available.
Answer: The primary obstacle to the development of a vaccine is the high mutation rate of the virus. The HIV reverse transcriptase is highly prone to making errors, and RNA polymerases (involved in the production of new RNA genomes) are also error-prone. The antigenic structures of HIV are constantly changing. Also, there are two related but somewhat different strains of the virus (HIV-1 and -2) circulating in the human population, which would require either a vaccine which provides protection from infection with both strains, or the development of two vaccines. While mucosal immunity mediated by IgA antibodies is desirable to prevent infection, the production of IgG antibodies in response to a vaccine would contribute to the ability of B cells to deliver HIV to T cells. It is not possible with today’s technology to assure an IgA response without production of IgG. A cytotoxic T cell-mediated immune response is also desirable in order to kill infected cells before they begin to produce a new virus, but no vaccine strategy currently available assures cell-mediated immunity over antibody-mediated immunity. Testing candidate vaccines raises ethical issues. HIV only infects humans, so the vaccine would have to be tested on human volunteers, who could not be deliberately exposed. People who have been vaccinated with a candidate vaccine might have positive responses on HIV screening tests, which could result in social as well as medical problems.
Bloom’s Rank: Analysis
Section: Immunodeficiency Diseases
4) One of the important inherited defects in the second line of immune defense is a condition called chronic granulomatous disease. What is this disease, and how is it caused?
Answer: Chronic granulomatous disease is a type of primary immunodeficiency. It is an inherited condition seen in children who have recurrent infections associated with the development of large masses of inflammatory cells in the lymph nodes, lungs, bones, and skin. It is due to the fact that neutrophils are unable to produce reactive forms of oxygen and therefore are unable to kill ingested bacteria.
Bloom’s Rank: Application
Section: Immunodeficiency Diseases
5) What type of hypersensitivity reaction is the tuberculin response?
Answer: The tuberculin response is a type of delayed hypersensitivity reaction. It is used to diagnose contact with antigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. When tuberculin is injected into the skin of an individual who has never contracted tuberculosis and has never received the tuberculosis vaccine, no response occurs. If the patient has been exposed to tuberculin antigen by infection or prior vaccination, a red swelling develops at the site of injection. This reaction is considered a positive tuberculin response.
Bloom’s Rank: Comprehension
Section: Hypersensitivities
