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Nutrition Concepts and Controversies 2nd Edition Sizer Whitney Piche Test Bank
ISBN-10: 0176502580
ISBN-13: 9780176502584
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Chapter 9-Energy Balance and Healthy Body Weight
MULTIPLE CHOICE
- Which of the following is a health risk associated with insufficient body fat?
| a. | increased risk of death from cancer |
| b. | increased risk of developing hypertension |
| c. | increased risk for individuals fighting a wasting disease |
| d. | increased risk during hospitalization |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page 331
- Which of the following is a health risk associated with excess body fat?
| a. | Lou Gherig’s disease |
| b. | thyroid disease |
| c. | diverticular disease |
| d. | gallbladder disease |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 332
- What is the name of the theory that the body tends to maintain a certain weight by means of its own internal controls?
| a. | enzyme theory |
| b. | set-point theory |
| c. | fat cell theory |
| d. | thermogenesis theory |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 344
- What is the name given to the psychological desire to eat?
| a. | hunger |
| b. | starvation |
| c. | obesity |
| d. | appetite |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 342
- Which of the following is involved in signaling satiation?
| a. | gallbladder |
| b. | large intestine |
| c. | hypothalamus |
| d. | mouth |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 343
- What is the name for fat that tends to accumulate around the waist?
| a. | total body fatness |
| b. | central obesity |
| c. | subcutaneous fat |
| d. | visceral fatness |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 332
- A body mass index (BMI) of 25.0 to 29.9 in an adult indicates which of the following?
| a. | obesity |
| b. | overweight |
| c. | normal weight |
| d. | underweight |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 334
- Excess fat in what area of the body represents a greater risk to health than excess fat elsewhere on the body.
| a. | chest |
| b. | central abdominal area |
| c. | hips |
| d. | shoulders |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 332
- On average, in a woman of normal weight, fat makes up at least what percentage of her total body weight?
| a. | 5% |
| b. | 10% |
| c. | 15% |
| d. | 20% |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 341
- One pound (half a kilogram) of body fat is equal to how many calories?
| a. | 2,500 calories |
| b. | 3,000 calories |
| c. | 3,500 calories |
| d. | 4,000 calories |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 335
- Which of the following hormones is directly linked with both appetite and body fatness?
| a. | epinephrine |
| b. | insulin |
| c. | leptin |
| d. | ghrelin |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 343
- What is the name given to foods that stressed people favour?
| a. | mood foods |
| b. | comfort foods |
| c. | calming foods |
| d. | comforting foods |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 346
- At what time of day do people generally weigh the least?
| a. | after going to the washroom |
| b. | before bed |
| c. | before breakfast |
| d. | after exercising |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 348
- In the early stage of food deprivation, which of the following nutrients can be used to meet the energy requirements of the nervous system?
| a. | calcium |
| b. | iron |
| c. | fat |
| d. | protein |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 349
- Which of the following processes allows a healthy person, starting with average body fat, to live totally deprived of food for as long as six to eight weeks?
| a. | metabolism |
| b. | acidosis |
| c. | thermogenesis |
| d. | ketosis |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 349
- Which of the following results from a low-calorie diet?
| a. | lean tissue loss |
| b. | loss of appetite |
| c. | ketosis |
| d. | fast weight loss |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 351
- Which of the following raises a person’s basal metabolic rate?
| a. | older age |
| b. | fever |
| c. | malnutrition |
| d. | starvation |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 336
- The staple foods of high-protein/low-carbohydrate diets clearly raise a person’s risk for which of the following conditions?
| a. | cancer |
| b. | heart and artery disease |
| c. | osteoporosis |
| d. | kidney disease |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 354
- Which of the following is a typical characteristic of successful weight maintainers?
| a. | consuming calories after 6:00 p.m. to store glycogen |
| b. | keeping track of food intake |
| c. | rapid weight loss, followed by a gradual slowing down of weight loss |
| d. | omitting breakfast |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 336
- Which of the following eating disorders most readily responds to treatment?
| a. | pica |
| b. | bulimia |
| c. | anorexia |
| d. | binge eating disorder |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 376
- The Body Mass Index defines average relative weight for height in people over what age?
| a. | 19 years |
| b. | 20 years |
| c. | 21 years |
| d. | 22 years |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 333
- Which of the following body tissues secretes the hormone leptin, which is involved in appetite regulation?
| a. | lipase tissue |
| b. | adipose |
| c. | adipocytes |
| d. | cellulite |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 334
- Which of the following values tells a person how many calories they need in a day?
| a. | estimated energy requirement (EER) |
| b. | body mass index (BMI) |
| c. | thermic effect of food (TEF) |
| d. | basal metabolic rate (BMR) |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page 335
- Which of the following measurements has replaced weight-for-height tables in clinical settings?
| a. | fatfold test |
| b. | body mass index (BMI) |
| c. | dual energy X-ray absorptiometry |
| d. | bioelectrical impedance |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 337
- Which of the following strategies would help a lean person gain weight?
| a. | eating a higher percentage of calories from fat |
| b. | eating more often |
| c. | decreasing physical activity |
| d. | eating faster |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 362–363
- Which of the following strategies would help an obese person lose weight?
| a. | taking a dietary supplement that contains ephedrine |
| b. | having surgery, such as a gastric bypass |
| c. | taking an herbal supplement |
| d. | having liposuction or lipectomy |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 363–364
- Body mass index (BMI) is NOT suitable for use with which of the following groups?
| a. | adolescents |
| b. | vegetarians |
| c. | pregnant women |
| d. | people with chronic diseases, such as diabetes |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 338–339
- Normally, how many hours pass after eating before one becomes hungry again?
| a. | 1–2 hours |
| b. | 2–3 hours |
| c. | 3–5 hours |
| d. | 4–6 hours |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 341
- Which of the following sustains satiety longer?
| a. | foods high in protein |
| b. | foods high in simple carbohydrates |
| c. | foods high in omega-3 fatty acids |
| d. | foods high in calcium |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page 344
- Which of the following pharmaceutical treatments for obesity is the only product to have FDA approval?
| a. | phenylpropanolamine |
| b. | benzocaine |
| c. | ephedrine |
| d. | sibutramine |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 364
- The fatfold test uses which of the following tools to assess fat levels?
| a. | bioelectrical impedance |
| b. | a measuring tape |
| c. | weigh scales |
| d. | calipers |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 339
- Why do women require substantially higher amounts of fat tissue?
| a. | Women do NOT consume as many calories as men. |
| b. | Women burn more calories than men. |
| c. | Women require more fat tissue to stay warm. |
| d. | Women require fat for reproduction. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 339
- Human infants have an abundant amount of which of the following fats?
| a. | white fat |
| b. | cellulite |
| c. | brown fat |
| d. | adipocytes |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 345
- You are weighing a team of football players and, according to body mass index (BMI) values, they appear to be obese. Which of the following conclusions would you most likely arrive at?
| a. | Their muscle weight is probably responsible for their elevated scale weights. |
| b. | They are using supplements to gain muscle. |
| c. | Their bones are still growing, which contributes to their weight. |
| d. | Most of them are probably obese and should make efforts to lose weight. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page 338
- What advice would you give to someone who is trying to gain weight?
| a. | Skip dessert. |
| b. | Drink black coffee. |
| c. | Drink beverages with meals. |
| d. | Choose milkshakes instead of milk. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 362–363
- Mary used to have a waist circumference of 75 centimetres, but her waist circumference is now 97 centimetres. Based on this information, which of the following conclusions would you come to?
| a. | She has a large amount of subcutaneous fat. |
| b. | She does NOT have an increased risk for disease. |
| c. | She does not perform any type of spot reduction exercises. |
| d. | She develops fat centrally. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 332–333
- Johnnie’s father weighs 75 kg and is 1.80 metres in height, while his mother weighs 66 kilograms and is 1.57 metres in height. What are Johnnie’s chances of becoming obese?
| a. | 10% |
| b. | 20% |
| c. | 30% |
| d. | 40% |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 345
- Susie has been overweight for many years. She tends to eat when she is not really hungry and eats more food when she is angry or depressed. Which of the following could explain Susie’s overweight problem?
| a. | external cues |
| b. | enzyme cues |
| c. | fat cell number theory |
| d. | set-point theory |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page 346
- About how much glycogen does the body store?
| a. | pound |
| b. | pound |
| c. | pound |
| d. | 1 pound |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 351
- What is the term for the change in energy expenditure induced by factors such as changes in ambient temperature and food intake?
| a. | satiation |
| b. | adaptive thermogenesis |
| c. | thermic effect of food |
| d. | set point theory |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 344
- What is the method used to assesses body fat and also used in the evaluation of osteoporosis?
| a. | underwater weighing |
| b. | air displacement |
| c. | dual energy X-ray absorptiometry |
| d. | bioelectrical impedance |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 340
- Which of the following is a key symptom for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa?
| a. | weight loss |
| b. | amenorrhea |
| c. | distorted body image |
| d. | fear of gaining weight |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 372
- What is the term for the state in which body weight remains stable because the amount of energy consumed equals the amount of energy expended?
| a. | balanced weight |
| b. | balanced energy level |
| c. | energy balance |
| d. | weight balance |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 334
- You have just finished your evening meal; however, an apple pie has just come out of the oven. What is the name for the pleasure molecules that create an appetite for a piece of this pie?
| a. | endorphins |
| b. | melatonin |
| c. | serotonin |
| d. | epinephrine |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page 342
- Which of the following diseases is LESS common among people who are obese?
| a. | gallbladder disease |
| b. | hypertension |
| c. | diabetes |
| d. | macular degeneration |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 331–332
- Anorexia nervosa is most prevalent among which of the following groups?
| a. | adolescent boys and girls |
| b. | adolescent girls and young women |
| c. | elderly women |
| d. | adult men who exercise |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 370
- Which of the following groups is LESS prone to develop the “apple” profile of central obesity?
| a. | women in their late reproductive years |
| b. | men of all ages |
| c. | women who are post menopausal |
| d. | smokers |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page 332
- What is the name for fat that collects deep within the central abdominal area of the body?
| a. | visceral fat |
| b. | viox fat |
| c. | subcutaneous fat |
| d. | central fat |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page 332
- Which of the following is a consequence of a diet low in carbohydrate?
| a. | sufficient glycogen to support vigorous physical activity. |
| b. | impaired mood |
| c. | increased initial loss of fat |
| d. | appetite is suppressed |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 351
- According to a recent study, a healthy body weight was associated with intake from low-fat sources of which of the following?
| a. | calcium |
| b. | protein |
| c. | chocolate |
| d. | beverages |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page 359
- Immediately after a workout, which of the following nutrients suppresses appetite and releases glucose is from storage to fuel exercise?
| a. | lipids |
| b. | water |
| c. | protein |
| d. | calcium |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page 361
- What complication can follow after surgery to treat obesity?
| a. | increased need for supplements |
| b. | decreased insulin production |
| c. | decreased immunity |
| d. | increased infections |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 364
- Herbal laxatives containing senna, aloe, rhubarb root, and castor oil will result in a one or two pound loss in weight. What causes this?
| a. | loss of fat |
| b. | loss of protein |
| c. | loss of carbohydrate |
| d. | loss of water |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 365
- What is the name for repeated rounds of weight loss and subsequent regain, with reduced ability to lose weight after each cycle?
| a. | weight psychology management |
| b. | weight loss management |
| c. | weight cycling |
| d. | weight behaviourism |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 366
- What is the name for the alteration of behaviour using methods derived from the theory that actions can be controlled by manipulating the environmental factors that trigger actions?
| a. | yo-yo dieting |
| b. | behaviour modification |
| c. | breaking habits |
| d. | behaviour substitution |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 367
- What is the term for the eating disorder that is characterized by refusing to maintain a minimally normal body weight and having a disturbed perception of body weight and shape?
| a. | female athlete triad |
| b. | anorexia nervosa |
| c. | disordered eating |
| d. | pica |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 370
- Which of the following is one of the components of the “female athlete triad” of medical problems?
| a. | osteomalacia |
| b. | excess supplement abuse |
| c. | amenorrhea |
| d. | purging with laxatives and vomiting twice a day |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 371
- Which of the following eating disorders is the most dangerous from a medical perspective?
| a. | obesity nervosa |
| b. | anorexia nervosa |
| c. | purging nervosa |
| d. | bulimia nervosa |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 373
- Which of the following terms describes the type of fat that is stored directly under the skin?
| a. | cellulite |
| b. | visceral fat |
| c. | subdermal fat |
| d. | subcutaneous fat |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 332
- Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of people with bulimia?
| a. | They eat high-protein foods without realizing it. |
| b. | They typically consume 2,000 calories per binge. |
| c. | They are of a lower socio-economic status. |
| d. | They believe that weight and shape are central to self-concept. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 374
- Which of the following is an acceptable treatment for people with bulimia?
| a. | changing their attitudes about body weight and shape |
| b. | hospitalizing them |
| c. | vigorous exercise |
| d. | restrictive dieting |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page 375
- Which of the following is used by bulimics to induce vomiting?
| a. | anticoagulants |
| b. | diuretics |
| c. | emetics |
| d. | antidepressants |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 375
- Sally has a body mass index (BMI) of 32.0. Which of the following categories is she considered to be in?
| a. | high risk category |
| b. | obese category, class 1 |
| c. | overweight category |
| d. | normal weight category |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 334
- The DRI committee’s “active lifestyle” category requires walking for how long per day?
| a. | 30 minutes |
| b. | 60 minutes |
| c. | 90 minutes |
| d. | 120 minutes |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 347
- An expenditure of how many calories per week via physical activities will assist with weight management?
| a. | 1,000 calories |
| b. | 1,500 calories |
| c. | 2,000 calories |
| d. | 2,500 calories |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 361
- What name is given to the situation in which a dieter undergoes endless cycles of weight loss and regain?
| a. | yo-yo dieting |
| b. | fad dieting |
| c. | weight roundabout |
| d. | weight treadmill |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page 366
- Which of the following stomach hormones, along with a contracting stomach and an empty small intestine, triggers hunger?
| a. | ghrelin |
| b. | grenlin |
| c. | gastrin |
| d. | leptin |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page 341
- Which of the following activities do many adolescents take up to control their weight?
| a. | drinking alcohol |
| b. | eating high sodium foods |
| c. | smoking |
| d. | consuming dairy products |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 348
TRUE/FALSE
- Genetic makeup greatly influences how efficiently the body uses up or stores energy.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Page 345
- Taller people need proportionately more energy than shorter people to balance their energy budgets.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Page 335
- People who have healthy body weights consume more carbohydrate-rich foods.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Page 349
- Physical activity must be long and arduous to achieve fat loss.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Page 347
- Lean tissue is less metabolically active than fat tissue.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Page 336
- For someone with at least one obese parent, the chance of becoming obese is estimated to be between 20 and 30 percent.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Page 345
- Exercise can remove the fat from any one particular area of the body.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Page 362
- Waist circumference indicates visceral fatness, and, above a certain girth, disease risks rise even when body mass index (BMI) values are normal.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Page 339
- Bulimia is more prevalent than anorexia nervosa and is more common in women than men.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Page 374
- Society plays a role in eating disorders because they are known only in developed nations and they become more prevalent as wealth increases and food becomes plentiful.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Page 376
SHORT ANSWER
- How would you respond to an advertisement for a weight-loss diet that claims that eating certain foods can elevate the basal metabolic rate (BMR) and thus promote weight loss? How can someone change his or her BMR?
ANS:
Some ads for weight-loss diets claim that certain substances, such as grapefruit or herbs, can elevate the BMR and thus promote weight loss. This claim is false. Any meal temporarily steps up energy expenditure due to the thermic effect of food; in the context of a mixed diet, the differences among foods are not large enough to be worth notice.People cannot speed up their metabolisms much in a day. They can amplify, however, their voluntary activities, thus spending more calories. If this process continues, they can slowly increase the BMR.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 336
- Identify three groups of people who are more prone to develop central obesity. Why is fat that collects in the central abdominal area of the body especially dangerous?
ANS:
Three groups of people who are more prone to develop central obesity are men of all ages and women who are past menopause. Smokers are also prone to carrying weight centrally on the body. Central fat may be especially dangerous with regard to risks of diabetes, stroke, hypertension, and coronary artery disease.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 332
- Describe the advantages and drawbacks of using body mass index (BMI) for assessing obesity.
ANS:
BMI values correlate significantly with body fatness, and experts use them to help evaluate a person’s health risks associated with underweight and overweight. A person’s weight should fall within the range that supports his/her health. The BMI values are most accurate in assessing degrees of obesity and are less useful for evaluating non-obese people’s body fatness. The BMI values have two major drawbacks: they fail to indicate how much of a person’s weight is fat and where that fat is located. The drawbacks limit the value of the BMI for use with athletes, pregnant and lactating women, and adults over 65.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 337–339
- Briefly describe the metabolic theories for the cause of obesity.
ANS:
There are several theories for the metabolic causes of obesity.
- The Enzyme Theory: Excess fat storage may stem from elevated concentrations of lipoprotein lipase that enables fat cells to store triglycerides. The more LPL, the more easily fat cells store lipid, and the more likely the body will remain obese.2. The Fat Cell Number Theory: Body fatness is determined by both the number and the size of fat cells. Fat cell numbers may increase more rapidly in obese children than in lean children, leading to a lifelong tendency toward obesity.3. Set-point Theory: The body may “choose” a weight it wants to be and defend that weight by regulating behaviours and metabolic activities.4. Thermogenesis: Proteins control the body’s heat production, or thermogenesis. A type of adipose tissue, brown fat, has abundant energy-wasting proteins that specialize in converting energy to heat. Whereas regular white fat cells have a sluggish metabolism and conserve and store fat energy, brown fat cells actively metabolize fat, releasing its stored energy as heat. A person with more brown fat and more energy-wasting proteins may stay leaner.
- Adaptive Mogenesis Theory: Many tissues convert stored energy into heat in response to cold temperature, physical conditioning, overfeeding, starvation, trauma, and other stress. Heat is also produced to ther-“waste” fuel without useful work when energy supplies are too high; conversely, with low energy supplies, energy is conserved.6. Diet-induced Thermogenesis Theory: The thermic effect of food varies between obese and non-obese people. In lean people who have just eaten a meal, energy use speeds up for a while, but in many obese people, no change in energy use occurs after eating. In theory this small difference in energy expenditure may account for an accumulation of body fat, but no studies have shown this conclusively. Overweight people often spend more energy each day than lean people do because their heavier bodies require more energy to move and maintain.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 345
- Define ketone bodies and describe what happens when the body goes into ketosis.
ANS:
Ketone bodies are acidic compounds derived from fat and certain amino acids. Normally rare in the blood, they help feed the brain during times when too little carbohydrate is available. In ketosis, instead of breaking down fat molecules all the way to carbon dioxide and water, the body takes partially broken-down fat fragments and combines them to make ketone bodies, compounds that are normally kept to low levels in the blood. It converts some amino acids – those that cannot be used to make glucose – to ketone bodies too. These ketone bodies circulate in the bloodstream and help feed the brain; about half of the brain’s cells can make the enzymes needed to use ketone bodies for energy. After about 10 days of fasting, the brain and nervous system can meet most of their energy needs using ketone bodies.Thus, indirectly, the nervous system begins to feed on the body’s fat stores. Ketosis reduces the nervous system’s need for glucose, spares the muscle and other lean tissue from being devoured quickly, and prolongs the starving person’s life. Thanks to ketosis, a healthy person starting with average body fat content can live totally deprived of food for as long as six to eight weeks.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 349
- Describe strategies that can help someone effectively gain body weight.
ANS:
Strategies to help an individual effectively gain body weight include the following:
- Physical activity to gain muscle and fat: A healthful weight gain is best achieved through physical activity, particularly strength training combined with a high-calorie diet. Diet alone can bring about weight gain, but the gain will be mostly fat. As important to weight gain as exercise are the calories to support the activity. If you eat more, you will gain both muscle and fat. To gain a pound of muscle and fat requires taking in about 3,000 extra calories.2. Choose foods with high energy density: The weight gainer needs nutritious, energy-dense foods. Energy-dense foods are often high in fat, but their energy is spent in building new tissue, and if the fat is mostly unsaturated, such foods will not contribute to heart disease.3. Portion sizes & meal spacing: Increasing portion sizes increases calorie intakes. Eat frequently.4. Weight-gain supplements: Most weight-gain supplements advertised to add body weight are useless without physical activity and confer no special benefits beyond adding calories and a few nutrients. Ordinary food in abundance, along with exercise to work the nutrients into place, supports efforts to gain muscle and body weight.5. Avoid tobacco: Smoking tobacco depresses the appetite and makes taste buds and smelling organs less sensitive. A person who smokes should quit before trying to gain weight.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 362–363
- Explain the potential hazards that can accompany high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets.
ANS:
Any diet too low in carbohydrate brings about responses that are similar to fasting. As carbohydrate runs out, the body breaks down fat and protein for energy and forms ketone bodies to feed the brain. Low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets have been heavily promoted for weight loss. The sales pitch is that the individual won’t be hungry and will lose weight fast. However, loss of appetite accompanies any low-calorie diet. Large initial losses of water and glycogen occur when carbohydrate is lacking, but this kind of weight loss rapidly reverses when people begin eating normally again.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 351
- Describe what is meant by the female athlete triad.
ANS:
In the female athlete triad, extreme weight loss causes both cessation of menstruation (amenorrhea) and excessive loss of calcium from the bones. The hormone disturbances associated with amenorrhea also contribute to osteoporosis, making the female athlete triad extraordinarily harmful to the bones.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 371
- Describe the appropriate treatment for someone with anorexia nervosa.
ANS:
Treatment of anorexia nervosa requires a multidisciplinary approach that addresses two behaviours: those relating to food and weight and those involving relationships with oneself and others. Teams of physicians, nurses, psychiatrists, family therapists, and dietitians work together to treat individuals with anorexia nervosa.Appropriate diet is crucial for normalizing body weight and must be crafted individually. Professionals classify clients based on the risks posed by the degree of malnutrition present. Stopping weight loss is a first goal of treatment, and establishing regular eating patterns is next. Few people with anorexia nervosa seek treatment on their own, and denial makes treatment difficult. It is a psychiatric disorder, and must be treated as so.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 373
- List potential risks from being underweight.
ANS:
First to die during a siege or famineDisadvantage in hospital if going without food for daysIncreases risk when trying to fight a “wasting disease”
PTS: 1 REF: Page 331
- What is the official definition of obesity?
ANS:
Over-fatness with adverse health effectsBody mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher
PTS: 1 REF: Page 331
- What are eight health risks associated with being overweight?
ANS:
HypertensionDiabetesHeart diseaseAbdominal herniasArthritisComplications of pregnancy and surgeryFlat feetGallbladder diseaseGoutSleep apnea
PTS: 1 REF: Page 331–332
- How does physical activity help to control appetite?
ANS:
In addition to burning off calories directly, activity also contributes to energy expenditure in an indirect way by speeding up metabolism. This speeding up occurs both immediately and over the long term. Many people fear that exercising will increase their hunger, but this is not entirely true. Active people do have healthy appetites, but immediately after a workout, appetite is suppressed by the circulating lipids and glucose released from storage to fuel exercise – a state that mimics the fed state from the body’s point of view. Activity also helps reduce stress, even stress caused by dieting. And stress often leads to inappropriate eating.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 361
- Most people will eat more at a sitting when presented with larger portions than when provided smaller portions. True or false?
Explain your answer.
ANS:
True. Yet at the end of the meal, they report about the same sensation of fullness whether the portions were large or small. The trick seems to be to eat just until satisfied and then to stop because satisfaction diminishes with continued eating while unneeded calories increase.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 358
- What is binge eating disorder?
ANS:
Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are distinct eating disorders, yet they sometimes overlap. Those who suffer from anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa share an overconcern with body weight and the tendency to drastically undereat. Both may purge. People with binge eating disorder consume less during a binge, rarely purge, and exert less restraint during times of dieting. Similarities also exist, including feeling out of control, disgusted, depressed, embarrassed, guilty, or distressed because of their self-perceived gluttony. Binge eating behaviour responds more readily to treatment than do other eating disorders, and resolving such behaviours can be a first step to authentic weight control. Successful treatment also improves physical health, mental health, and the chances of breaking the cycle of rapid weight losses and gains.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 375–376
- What percentage of overweight women and overweight men are trying to lose weight?
ANS:
70% of women48% of men
PTS: 1 REF: Page 332
- Waist circumference is an important indicator of health risk. Increased risk of type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and hypertension is associated with what waist circumference for men and what waist circumference for women?
ANS:
Men: greater than 102 cm (40 inches)Women: greater than 88 cm (35 inches)
PTS: 1 REF: Page 333
- Discuss three measures of body composition and fat distribution.
ANS:
Fatfold testUnderwater weighingBioelectrical impedance
PTS: 1 REF: Page 339–341
